Oral and nasal microbiota in Parkinson's disease

Pereira, Pedro; Aho, Velma; Paulín, Lars; Pekkonen, Eero; Auvinen, Petri; Scheperjans, Filip

doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.02.026

Cited by 157 publications

(162 citation statements)

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“…This approach was chosen because the nasal cavity and gastrointestinal tract have been suggested to constitute the two ports of entry for a possible pathogenic agent and from where PD‐related aggregated aSyn spreads to the CNS. So far, microbiome‐based analyses in relation to PD have focused either on the gastrointestinal tract or not systematically compared both sites …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several recent studies have reported PD‐related changes in bacterial populations in the gut, but different sample handling and preservation procedures as well as confounding factors may account for inconsistency between the reports. Also, less is known about the microbiome of the nasal cavity . Individuals likely to develop PD, who may already display differences in the periphery, have not been studied so far.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The nasal and gut microbiome in Parkinson's disease and idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

et al. 2017

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BackgroundIncreasing evidence connects the gut microbiota and the onset and/or phenotype of Parkinson's disease (PD). Differences in the abundances of specific bacterial taxa have been reported in PD patients. It is, however, unknown whether these differences can be observed in individuals at high risk, for example, with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, a prodromal condition of α‐synuclein aggregation disorders including PD.ObjectivesTo compare microbiota in carefully preserved nasal wash and stool samples of subjects with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, manifest PD, and healthy individuals.MethodsMicrobiota of flash‐frozen stool and nasal wash samples from 76 PD patients, 21 idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder patients, and 78 healthy controls were assessed by 16S and 18S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing. Seventy variables, related to demographics, clinical parameters including nonmotor symptoms, and sample processing, were analyzed in relation to microbiome variability and controlled differential analyses were performed.ResultsDifferentially abundant gut microbes, such as Akkermansia, were observed in PD, but no strong differences in nasal microbiota. Eighty percent of the differential gut microbes in PD versus healthy controls showed similar trends in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, for example, Anaerotruncus and several Bacteroides spp., and correlated with nonmotor symptoms. Metagenomic sequencing of select samples enabled the reconstruction of genomes of so far uncharacterized differentially abundant organisms.ConclusionOur study reveals differential abundances of gut microbial taxa in PD and its prodrome idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in comparison to the healthy controls, and highlights the potential of metagenomics to identify and characterize microbial taxa, which are enriched or depleted in PD and/or idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. © 2017 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

The nasal and gut microbiome in Parkinson's disease and idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

et al. 2017

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“…With permission from Pereira et al . . ( B ) Trigeminal ganglia from a patient with AD, stained for Treponema pectinovorum (arrows), demonstrating the trigeminal ganglion as a potential route for access of oral microbiota to the central nervous system.…”

Section: Oral Cavitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Invited Review: From nose to gut – the role of the microbiome in neurological disease

Bell

Spencer

Yates

et al. 2018

Neuropathology Appl Neurobio

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Inflammation and neurodegeneration are key features of many chronic neurological diseases, yet the causative mechanisms underlying these processes are poorly understood. There has been mounting interest in the role of the human microbiome in modulating the inflammatory milieu of the central nervous system (CNS) in health and disease. To date, most research has focussed on a gut‐brain axis, with other mucosal surfaces being relatively neglected. We herein take the novel approach of comprehensively reviewing the roles of the microbiome across several key mucosal interfaces – the nose, mouth, lung and gut – in health and in Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). This review systematically appraises the anatomical and microbiological landscape of each mucosal surface in health and disease before considering relevant mechanisms that may influence the initiation and progression of PD, AD and MS. The cumulative effects of dysbiosis from the nose to the gut may contribute significantly to neurological disease through a wide variety of mechanisms, including direct translocation of bacteria and their products, and modulation of systemic or CNS‐specific immunity. This remains an understudied and exciting area for future research and may lead to the development of therapeutic targets for chronic neurological disease.

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“…As far as changes observed in human PD patients are concerned, the results are conflicting, which might be due to differences in sample collection, preparation, and analysis. One example where those discrepancies are obvious is the family Prevotellaceae: 2 reports describe a decreased number in fecal samples of PD patients [41, 44], whereas 2 other studies report no significant deviation from healthy controls [45, 46] and 1 investigation describes even elevated numbers of this family in PD patients [47]; however, samples here were taken from the oral cavity. An example where the literature seems to be more consistent is the family Lactobacillaceae, with at least 3 reports showing elevated numbers [45-47].…”

Section: Impact Of Gut Microbiota On Neurodegenerative Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Commensal Microbiota on the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Schäfer

2018

J Innate Immun

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When thinking about neurodegenerative diseases, the first symptoms that come to mind are loss of memory and learning capabilities, which all resemble hallmarks of manifestation of such diseases in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the gut comprises the largest nervous system outside the CNS that is autonomously active and in close interplay with its microbiota. Therefore, the enteric nervous system (ENS) might serve as an indicator of degenerative pathomechanisms that also affect the CNS. On the other hand, it might offer an entry point for devastating influences from the microbial community or – conversely – for therapeutic approaches via gut commensals. Within the last years, the ENS and gut microbiota therefore have sparked the interest of researchers of CNS diseases and we here report on recent findings and open questions, especially with regard to Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases.

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Oral and nasal microbiota in Parkinson's disease

Abstract: The oral microbiome deserves additional research regarding its connection to PD and its biomarker potential. The higher abundance of oral pathogens in men underlines the importance of monitoring and promoting male dental health.

Cited by 157 publications

References 28 publications

The nasal and gut microbiome in Parkinson's disease and idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

The nasal and gut microbiome in Parkinson's disease and idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

Invited Review: From nose to gut – the role of the microbiome in neurological disease

Influence of Commensal Microbiota on the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases

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