INTRODUCTIONThe primary focus of transportation planning, until the past three decades or so, was to meet long-term mobility needs by providing adequate transportation infrastructure supply. In such a supply-oriented planning process, the main role of travel demand models was to predict aggregate travel demand for long-term socio-economic scenarios, transport capacity characteristics, and land-use configurations.Over the past three decades, however, because of escalating capital costs of new infrastructure, and increasing concerns regarding traffic congestion and air-quality deterioration, the supply-oriented focus of transportation planning has expanded to include the objective of addressing accessibility needs and problems by managing travel demand within the available transportation supply. Consequently, there has been an increasing interest in travel demand management strategies, such as congestion pricing, that attempt to change transport service characteristics to influence individual travel behavior and control aggregate travel demand.The interest in analyzing the potential of travel demand management policies to manage travel demand, in turn, has led to a shift in the focus of travel demand modeling from the statistical prediction of aggregate-level, long-term, travel demand to understanding disaggregate-level (i.e., individual-level) behavioral responses to shortterm demand management policies such as ridesharing incentives, congestion pricing, and employer-based demand management schemes (alternate work schedules, telecommuting, etc.). Individuals respond in complex ways to such changes in travel conditions. The limitation of the traditionally used statistically-oriented trip-based travel modeling approach in capturing these complex individual responses has resulted in the development of behaviorally-oriented activity-based approaches to modeling passenger travel demand.
1The origin of the activity-based approach dates back to the 1960's from Chapin's (Chapin 1974) research on activity patterns of urban population. Chapin provided a motivational framework in which societal constraints and inherent individual motivations interact to shape activity participation patterns. This framework, however, ignored the spatial context (or geography of) activity participation and did not address the relationship between activities and travel. During the same time, the first explicit discussion in the literature on activity participation in the context of time and space appears to have been proposed by Hagerstrand (1970).2 While Hagerstrand's work 1 The reader will note here that the activity-based approach has emerged in the context of modeling passenger travel demand, not for freight travel modeling. 2 In his presidential address at a regional science association congress in 1969, Hagerstrand identified three types of constraints that shape individual activity patterns: (1) authoritative constraints, (2) capability constraints, and (3) coupling constraints. Authoritative constraints refer to the constraints impose...