Optogenetic Activation of Interneuron Subtypes Modulates Visual Contrast Responses of Mouse V1 Neurons

Shapiro, Jared T.; Michaud, Nicole M.; King, Jillian L.; Crowder, Nathan A.

doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab269

Cited by 6 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…These two modes of lateral inhibition provide flexible ways to control behavioral sensitivity to visual contrast spanning extensive retinotopic space (∼70° in our experiments). On the other hand, driving either SST or PV neurons directly at the retinotopic site of visual input (where both SST and PV connections to excitatory neurons are dense) invariably caused divisive effects on perceptual responses, consistent with prior studies of local inhibition on contrast perception 57 and neural selectivity 25,28,58,59 . Although some studies have shown that local SST inhibition preceding visual input can cause subtractive effects on V1 firing rates 27,60 , divisive effects on firing rates dominate when visual excitation and local SST inhibition overlap in time 25,26 , as was the case here.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Lateral inhibition in V1 controls neural & perceptual contrast sensitivity

Del Rosario,

Coletta,

Kim

et al. 2023

Preprint

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SummaryLateral inhibition is a central principle for sensory system function. It is thought to operate by the activation of inhibitory neurons that restrict the spatial spread of sensory excitation. Much work on the role of inhibition in sensory systems has focused on visual cortex; however, the neurons, computations, and mechanisms underlying cortical lateral inhibition remain debated, and its importance for visual perception remains unknown. Here, we tested how lateral inhibition from PV or SST neurons in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) modulates neural and perceptual sensitivity to stimulus contrast. Lateral inhibition from PV neurons reduced neural and perceptual sensitivity to visual contrast in a uniform subtractive manner, whereas lateral inhibition from SST neurons more effectively changed the slope (or gain) of neural and perceptual contrast sensitivity. A neural circuit model identified spatially extensive lateral projections from SST neurons as the key factor, and we confirmed this with direct subthreshold measurements of a larger spatial footprint for SST versus PV lateral inhibition. Together, these results define cell-type specific computational roles for lateral inhibition in V1, and establish their unique consequences on sensitivity to contrast, a fundamental aspect of the visual world.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Lateral inhibition in V1 controls neural & perceptual contrast sensitivity

Del Rosario,

Coletta,

Kim

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Within a central cylinder with a radius of 50 µm, i.e. within spike detection range of a vertically penetrating extracellular electrode (Henze et al, 2000;Buzsáki, 2004), we found 15 PCs and 13 PV+ interneurons with robust tuning, which is roughly comparable to the average number of tuned cells per mouse of 8.2 PCs and 3.0 PV+ neurons respectively in Shapiro et al (2022). Unlike the original study we found no Sst+ neurons with robust tuning.…”

Section: Contrast Tuning Modulation By Optogenetic Activation Of Inte...supporting

confidence: 51%

“…Mirroring the analyses of Shapiro et al (2022), we first identified a population of neurons based on their contrast tuning. Specifically, we considered neurons with robust, monotonically increasing tuning behavior (see Supp.…”

Section: Contrast Tuning Modulation By Optogenetic Activation Of Inte...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling and Simulation of Neocortical Micro- and Mesocircuitry. Part II: Physiology and Experimentation

Isbister,

Ecker,

Pokorny

et al. 2023

Preprint

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In recent years, large-scale computational models of the cortex have emerged as a powerful way to study the multi-scale mechanisms of neural processing. However, due to computational costs and difficulty of parameterization, detailed biophysical reconstructions have so far been restricted to small volumes of tissue, where the study of macro- and meso-scale interactions that are central to cortical function is not possible. We describe here, and in a companion paper, an approach to address the scaling challenges and provide a model of multiple interacting cortical regions at a subcellular level of detail. The model consists of 4.2 million morphologically detailed neurons in 8 sub-regions and connected with 13.2 billion synapses through local and long-range connectivity. Its anatomical aspects are described in the companion paper; here, we introduce physiological models of neuronal activity and synaptic transmission that integrate a large number of literature sources and were built using previously published algorithms. Biological neuronal diversity was captured in 208 morpho-electrical neuron types, five types of synaptic short-term dynamics, and pathway-specificity of synaptic parameters. A representation of synaptic input from cortical regions not present in the model was added and efficiently calibrated to reference firing rates. The model exhibits a spectrum of dynamical states differing in the degree to which they are internally versus externally driven. We characterized which parts of the spectrum are compatible with available experimental data on layer-specific delays and amplitudes of responses to simple stimuli, and found anin vivo-like regime at the edge of a transition from asynchronous to synchronous spontaneous activity. We developed a rich set of simulation tools to recreate a diverse set of laboratory experimentsin silico, providing further validation and demonstrating the utility of the model in a variety of paradigms. Finally, we found that the large spatial scale of the model, that incorporates multiple cortical regions, led to the emergence of multiple independent computational units interacting through long-range synaptic pathways. The model provides a framework for the continued integration of experimental findings, for challenging hypotheses and making testable predictions, and provides a foundation for further simulation-based studies of cortical processing and learning.

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“…Better studied, however, is the immediate effect of increasing activity in VIP interneurons, which leads to enhanced firing of local pyramidal cells 23,28 . This effect has been observed across many regions of sensory 20,21,[29][30][31][32][33][34] , motor 35 and prefrontal cortex 36,37 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Better studied, however, is the immediate effect of increasing activity in VIP interneurons, which leads to enhanced firing of local pyramidal cells 23,27 . This effect has been observed across many regions of sensory 20,21,[28][29][30][31][32][33] , motor 34 and prefrontal cortex 35,36 . Disinhibitory modulation of sensory cortex through VIP and SOM interneurons has in fact been proposed to be the core mechanism underlying attentional modulation in visual cortex 37,38 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 87%

Attentional modulation is orthogonal to disinhibition by VIP interneurons in primary visual cortex

Myers-Joseph

Fernández-Otero

Khan

2022

Preprint

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Attentional modulation of sensory processing is a key feature of cognition, yet its neural circuit basis is poorly understood. A candidate mechanism is the disinhibition of pyramidal cells through vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and somatostatin (SOM) positive interneurons. However, the interaction of attentional modulation and VIP-SOM disinhibition has never been directly tested. We used all-optical methods to bi-directionally manipulate VIP interneuron activity as mice performed an attention switching task. We measured the activity of VIP, SOM and parvalbumin (PV) positive interneurons and pyramidal neurons identified in the same tissue and found that although activity in all cell classes was modulated by both attention and VIP manipulation, their effects were orthogonal. Attention and VIP-SOM disinhibition relied on distinct patterns of changes in activity and reorganisation of interactions between inhibitory and excitatory cells. These results reveal the remarkable ability of cortical circuits to multiplex strong yet non-interacting modulations in the same neural population.

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Optogenetic Activation of Interneuron Subtypes Modulates Visual Contrast Responses of Mouse V1 Neurons

Cited by 6 publications

References 80 publications

Lateral inhibition in V1 controls neural & perceptual contrast sensitivity

Lateral inhibition in V1 controls neural & perceptual contrast sensitivity

Modeling and Simulation of Neocortical Micro- and Mesocircuitry. Part II: Physiology and Experimentation

Attentional modulation is orthogonal to disinhibition by VIP interneurons in primary visual cortex

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