Optische Versuche an Vögeln und Schildkröten über die Bedeutung der roten Ölkugeln im Auge

A review of the evidence germane to the putative protective role of the macular carotenoids for age‐related macular degeneration

“…The first review on “macular yellow” was published by Home in 1798 , which began an era of investigation into the composition, and function, of what has become known as MP , a term first coined in 1933 by Walls et al . The hypothesis that this pigment provides protection against the damaging effects of short‐wavelength visible light was first proposed by Max Shultze in 1866 , and its function was further discussed in a series of studies in the early 20th century .…”

Polish Investigations on Homing in Birds and Their Orientation in Space

“…Both groups of animals possess in their optic retinas characteristic corpuscles of fat, coloured orange or red. These corpuscles have the effect of a colour filter, letting through long-wave radiation and reducing that of short waves (Henning, 1920, Wojtusiak, 1933. This fact allowed Henning to assert that tortoises as well as buds, owing to their increased sensitivity to red and orange colours, are able to see through fog, this fact making orientation in space easier for them.…”

Sensory processes.

“…In Erhard's data, only the owl has a high sensitivity in the green and blue area of the spectrum, a fact which of course fits the rod retina of the owl. Another interesting technique dealing with color sensitivity in birds was that developed by Henning [23], who used colored glasses on pigeons. He found that when he used red or yellow glasses on the pigeons they were able to get back to their homes very quickly but that with green and particularly with blue glasses the birds either had difficulty finding their way back home or would be completely unwilling to fly.…”