“…Hence, the manipulator design have been stated as an optimization problem where optimization techniques such as, heuristic algorithms [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20] and gradient based algorithms [21], have been used. Nevertheless, if the optimization problem is nonlinear or discontinuous one, gradient based algorithms are not suitable to solve the problem because they converge to local minima near the initial condition (sensitive to initial condition) [22], [23], then the design solution will perform poorly.…”