Optimum growth temperature declines with body size within fish species

Lindmark, Max; Ohlberger, Jan; Gårdmark, Anna

doi:10.1111/gcb.16067

Cited by 58 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 145 publications

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“…In this regard, our findings show that the larger conspecifics living at lower latitudes, owing to either the limitation of the performance of metabolic enzymes or the availability of oxygen, could be the first to experience the negative impacts of future warming on performance and other metabolism-related processes. This adds to growing evidence that physiological constraints at warmer temperatures reduce the performance of large-bodied individuals to a greater degree than their small-bodied conspecifics ( Lindmark et al, 2022 ). This in turn affects population size structure in the face of climate change, particularly in populations living at the edge of their physiological tolerance ( Huss et al, 2019 ; Neuheimer et al, 2011 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Metabolic rate and climate change across latitudes: evidence of mass-dependent responses in aquatic amphipods

Shokri

Cozzoli

Vignes

et al. 2022

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Predictions of individual responses to climate change are often based on the assumption that temperature affects individuals’ metabolism independently of their body mass. However, empirical evidence indicates that interactive effects exist. Here, we investigated the response of individual Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR) to annual temperature range and forecasted temperature rises of 0.6-1.2°C above the current maxima, under the conservative climate change scenario IPCC-RCP2.6. As a model organism we used the amphipod Gammarus insensibilis, collected across latitudes along the western coast of the Adriatic Sea down to the southernmost limit of the species’ distributional range, with individuals varying in body mass (0.4-13.57mg). Overall, we found that the effect of temperature on SMR is mass-dependent. Within the annual temperature range, the mass-specific SMR of small/young individuals increased with temperature at a greater rate (activation energy: E=0.48 eV) than large/old ones (E=0.29 eV), with a higher metabolic level for high-latitude than low-latitude populations. However, under the forecasted climate conditions, the large individuals’ mass-specific SMR responded differently across latitudes. Unlike the higher-latitude population, whose mass-specific SMR increased in response to the forecasted climate change across all size classes, in the lower-latitude populations, this increase was not seen in large individuals. The larger/older conspecifics at lower latitudes could therefore be the first to experience the negative impacts of warming on metabolism-related processes. Although the ecological collapse of such a basic trophic level (aquatic amphipods) due to climate change would have profound consequences for population ecology, the risk is significantly mitigated by phenotypic and genotypic adaptation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Metabolic rate and climate change across latitudes: evidence of mass-dependent responses in aquatic amphipods

Shokri

Cozzoli

Vignes

et al. 2022

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Experimentally determined optimum growth temperatures for sockeye salmon are around 15°C when excess food is available, but decline when food becomes limiting, to as little as 5°C for feeding rates of 1.5% of dry body weight per day [ 51 ]. While the experiments were conducted using juveniles, warm conditions that reduce growth may be reached at even lower temperatures in adult sockeye salmon, because optimal growth temperatures commonly decline with body size in fishes [ 52 ]. It is well known that the effects of increasing temperatures can differ between low- and high-competition environments, because warming-induced growth changes depend on food availability [ 53 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Declines in body size of sockeye salmon associated with increased competition in the ocean

et al. 2023

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Declining body sizes have been documented for several species of Pacific salmon; however, whether size declines are caused mainly by ocean warming or other ecological factors, and whether they result primarily from trends in age at maturation or changing growth rates remain poorly understood. We quantified changes in mean body size and contributions from shifting size-at-age and age structure of mature sockeye salmon returning to Bristol Bay, Alaska, over the past 60 years. Mean length declined by 3%, corresponding to a 10% decline in mean body mass, since the early 1960s, though much of this decline occurred since the early 2000s. Changes in size-at-age were the dominant cause of body size declines and were more consistent than trends in age structure among the major rivers that flow into Bristol Bay. Annual variation in size-at-age was largely explained by competition among Bristol Bay sockeye salmon and interspecific competition with other salmon in the North Pacific Ocean. Warm winters were associated with better growth of sockeye salmon, whereas warm summers were associated with reduced growth. Our findings point to competition at sea as the main driver of sockeye salmon size declines, and emphasize the trade-off between fish abundance and body size.

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“…We approached this by applying random parameterization, rather than fixed values of temperature dependence. To capture the uncertainty of our approach, we sampled parameters from distributions based on estimates of activation energies of physiological rates in the literature (Lindmark et al, 2022 ). This approach revealed that in terms of body growth and mean body size in populations, the combination of activation energies can determine whether the mean size increases or decreases with warming, and at what age body sizes decline relative to the current temperatures (degree of decline in size‐at‐age).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Righton et al, 2010 as an example for cod), whereafter physiological rates might be expected to decline. While temperature likely affects other physiological processes as well (such as cost of growth [Barneche et al, 2019 ] or food conversion efficiency [Handeland et al, 2008 ]), we focus on the temperature effects on metabolism, maximum consumption, search volume and mortality, as their temperature dependencies are relatively well documented (Brown et al, 2004 ; Dell et al, 2011 ; Englund et al, 2011 ; Lindmark et al, 2022 ; Pauly, 1980 ; Thorson et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To account for this uncertainty, here we parameterized 200 projections of the food web model using randomly sampled activation energies from normal distributions with rate‐specific means and standard deviations. For metabolism and maximum consumption, we acquired means and standard deviations of posterior distributions provided in the work of Lindmark et al ( 2022 ). For search volume, we assumed that it scales identically to maximum consumption, because both rates are related to feeding processes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temperature impacts on fish physiology and resource abundance lead to faster growth but smaller fish sizes and yields under warming

Lindmark

Audzijonytė

Blanchard

et al. 2022

Global Change Biology

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Resolving the combined effect of climate warming and exploitation in a food web context is key for predicting future biomass production, size-structure and potential yields of marine fishes. Previous studies based on mechanistic size-based food web models have found that bottom-up processes are important drivers of size-structure and fisheries yield in changing climates. However, we know less about the joint effects of 'bottom-up' and physiological effects of temperature; how do temperature effects propagate from individual-level physiology through food webs and alter the size-structure of exploited species in a community? Here, we assess how a speciesresolved size-based food web is affected by warming through both these pathways and by exploitation. We parameterize a dynamic size spectrum food web model inspired by the offshore Baltic Sea food web, and investigate how individual growth rates, size-structure, and relative abundances of species and yields are affected by warming. The magnitude of warming is based on projections by the regional coupled model system RCA4-NEMO and the RCP 8.5 emission scenario, and we evaluate different scenarios of temperature dependence on fish physiology and resource productivity. When accounting for temperature-effects on physiology in addition to on basal productivity, projected size-at-age in 2050 increases on average for all fish species, mainly for young fish, compared to scenarios without warming. In contrast, size-atage decreases when temperature affects resource dynamics only, and the decline is largest for young fish. Faster growth rates due to warming, however, do not always translate to larger yields, as lower resource carrying capacities with increasing temperature tend to result in decline in the abundance of larger fish and hence spawning stock biomass. These results suggest that to understand how global warming affects the size structure of fish communities, both direct metabolic effects and indirect effects of temperature via basal resources must be accounted for.

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Optimum growth temperature declines with body size within fish species

Cited by 58 publications

References 145 publications

Metabolic rate and climate change across latitudes: evidence of mass-dependent responses in aquatic amphipods

Metabolic rate and climate change across latitudes: evidence of mass-dependent responses in aquatic amphipods

Declines in body size of sockeye salmon associated with increased competition in the ocean

Temperature impacts on fish physiology and resource abundance lead to faster growth but smaller fish sizes and yields under warming

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