Optimum fractionation for high-dose-rate endoesophageal brachytherapy following external irradiation of early stage esophageal cancer

Cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with submucosal carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus

“…There are two ways, nonoperative therapy or surgical resection, for SEC. Treatment options of less invasive therapies such as radiotherapy including brachytherapy, chemoradiation therapy, and/or photodynamic treatment have been indicated with favorable control of local tumors, complication rates, and survivals [8][9][10][11].…”

“…Therefore, three-field lymph node dissection, the most aggressive extended lymph node dissection procedure, has been performed for the patients with esophageal carcinoma with cervical lymph node involvement in the hope of improving survival and cure rates. However, the majority of Western surgeons tend to regard cervical lymph node metastasis as a systemic disease or an indicator of incurability or inoperability, as is the case with lung cancer [8,9]. Cervical lymph node metastasis occurs as a result of far-advanced esophageal carcinoma.…”

Comparação dos tratamentos do carcinoma espinocelular avançado do esofago pela teleterapia exclusiva e pela teleterapia associada à braquiterapia

“…In this region the proportion of white people is higher than blacks. Smoking and alcohol are factors present in these patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, as far as it is in the literature 3,7,14,26 . Although surgery is still the preferred treatment for this disease, it is only possible to be more radical in the initial stages, although with low cure and high rates of morbidity and mortality.…”

Nonsurgical Management of Esophageal Cancer

“…A radioactive source is placed intraluminally via bronchoscopy or a nasogastric tube. Brachytherapy has been used both as primary therapy (usually as a palliative modality) (Moni et al, 1996;Sur et al, 1992Sur et al, , 1998Jager et al, 1995;Maingon et al, 2000) and as boost after external-beam radiation therapy or combined modality therapy (Armstrong, 1993;Calais et al, 1997;Akagi et al, 1999;Schraube et al, 1997;Okawa et al, 1999). It can be delivered either by high dose rate or low dose rate (Caspers et al, 1993).…”