“…However, the drawbacks of metaheuristic algorithms are approximate and non-deterministic, they do not guarantee for (leaving alone global one) optimum solution in views of the intrinsic non-convex and non-smooth optimization problems. Numerous alternative meta-heuristic techniques have employed for solving the optimization of steel frames, some of the well-known methods being a genetic algorithm (GA) (Pezeshk, Camp, & Chen, 2000), ant colony optimization (ACO) (C. V. Camp, Bichon, & Stovall, 2005), harmony search (HS) algorithm (Degertekin, 2008), teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO) (Toğan, 2012), particle swarm optimization (PSO) (Doğan & Saka, 2012), charge system search (A Kaveh & Talatahari, 2012), cuckoo search (CS) algorithm (A Kaveh & Bakhshpoori, 2013), firefly algorithm (FFA) (Carbas, 2016), search group algorithm (SGA) (Carraro, Lopez, & Miguel, 2017), a school-based optimization (SBO) (Farshchin, Maniat, Camp, & Pezeshk, 2018).…”