Optimizing the Acid Hydrolysis Process for the Isolation of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Using Response Surface Methods

Delignification’s effect on microcrystalline cellulose obtained from oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres

“…1908 Thermal degradation was seen at a lower temperature than the cellulose sample throughout a wider temperature range, indicating a reduced thermal stability because of a higher number of free ends in the chain, a reduction in molecular weight, and breakdown of cellulose's amorphous domains (Mandal and Chakrabarty 2011). This result was similar with previous studies (Haafiz et al 2013;Hassan et al 2019). PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE bioresources.com Norazli et al (2023).…”

“…The acid hydrolysis treatment was conducted to obtain MCC according to the optimized method describe by Hassan et al (2019). 10 g oven dried weight of OPEFB cellulose sample was added with 2.5 N hydrochloric acid with the ratio of 1:20 (OPEFB cellulose to dilute acid) and heated using silicon oil at temperature 106 C for 20 min.…”

Archives of Environmental Protection

“…The absorption peaks of samples after pretreatment weakened compared with raw JAS, indicating that components of carbon chains were destroyed by pretreatment. The absorption at 1,700-1,740 cm -1 belonged to the non-conjugated carbonyl group which was probably originated from acetyl or uronic-ester of thexylan , Hassan et al 2020) and its intensity decreased after pretreatment, indicating the acetyl or uronic-ester groups were partly removed during the pretreatment. The absorption of conjugated carbonyl groups at 1,643 cm -1 primarily correspond to phenolic acids that possess an unsaturated double bond and a carbonyl group (Li et al 2016).…”

“…Decreasing peak intensity at 1,643 cm -1 indicated that the chemical bond was broken during treatment. Absorption at 1,510 cm -1 corresponds to C=C aromatic skeletal vibration (Hassan et al 2020) and a corresponding characteristic peak at 1,506 cm -1 weakened, indicating that the lignin structure was destroyed and lignin content decreased. A peak at 896 cm -1 was associated with the characteristic absorption of β-glycosidic bonds between glucose units (Oh et al 2005) and its intensity increased after treatment, suggesting increased cellulosic content in the pretreated samples.…”