Optimizing Skeletal Muscle Anabolic Response to Resistance Training in Aging

Endo, Yori; Nourmahnad, Atousa; Sinha, Indranil

doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00874

Cited by 43 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 160 publications

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“…This blunted anabolic responsiveness, termed anabolic resistance, is highly characteristic of aging skeletal muscle [ 12 ], and much effort is being devoted to delineating the etiology of this phenomenon. Greater insight into this area may help to optimize the rehabilitative role of protein intake for the maintenance and/or recovery of skeletal muscle tissue in older adults [ 6 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for the Contribution of Gut Microbiota to Age-Related Anabolic Resistance

2021

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Globally, people 65 years of age and older are the fastest growing segment of the population. Physiological manifestations of the aging process include undesirable changes in body composition, declines in cardiorespiratory fitness, and reductions in skeletal muscle size and function (i.e., sarcopenia) that are independently associated with mortality. Decrements in muscle protein synthetic responses to anabolic stimuli (i.e., anabolic resistance), such as protein feeding or physical activity, are highly characteristic of the aging skeletal muscle phenotype and play a fundamental role in the development of sarcopenia. A more definitive understanding of the mechanisms underlying this age-associated reduction in anabolic responsiveness will help to guide promyogenic and function promoting therapies. Recent studies have provided evidence in support of a bidirectional gut-muscle axis with implications for aging muscle health. This review will examine how age-related changes in gut microbiota composition may impact anabolic response to protein feeding through adverse changes in protein digestion and amino acid absorption, circulating amino acid availability, anabolic hormone production and responsiveness, and intramuscular anabolic signaling. We conclude by reviewing literature describing lifestyle habits suspected to contribute to age-related changes in the microbiome with the goal of identifying evidence-informed strategies to preserve microbial homeostasis, anabolic sensitivity, and skeletal muscle with advancing age.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for the Contribution of Gut Microbiota to Age-Related Anabolic Resistance

2021

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“…Exercise intervention is the most commonly used method to improve sarcopenia [ 103 ]. Among the methods used to improve sarcopenia, resistance training is reported to be effective in improving muscle mass and muscle function [ 104 , 105 ]. Resistance training is effective in treating and preventing sarcopenia by modulating muscle protein synthesis to improve muscle strength and skeletal muscle mass [ 103 , 104 ].…”

Section: Resistance Training In Hypoxia For Muscular Function and mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the methods used to improve sarcopenia, resistance training is reported to be effective in improving muscle mass and muscle function [ 104 , 105 ]. Resistance training is effective in treating and preventing sarcopenia by modulating muscle protein synthesis to improve muscle strength and skeletal muscle mass [ 103 , 104 ]. Moreover, resistance training not only improves muscle mass and function but also lowers insulin sensitivity, glycated hemoglobin, and blood inflammation and increases bone mineral density in the elderly [ 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 ].…”

Section: Resistance Training In Hypoxia For Muscular Function and mentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance Training in Hypoxia as a New Therapeutic Modality for Sarcopenia—A Narrative Review

Jung

Kim

et al. 2021

Life

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Hypoxic training is believed to be generally useful for improving exercise performance in various athletes. Nowadays, exercise intervention in hypoxia is recognized as a new therapeutic modality for health promotion and disease prevention or treatment based on the lower mortality and prevalence of people living in high-altitude environments than those living in low-altitude environments. Recently, resistance training in hypoxia (RTH), a new therapeutic modality combining hypoxia and resistance exercise, has been attempted to improve muscle hypertrophy and muscle function. RTH is known to induce greater muscle size, lean mass, increased muscle strength and endurance, bodily function, and angiogenesis of skeletal muscles than traditional resistance exercise. Therefore, we examined previous studies to understand the clinical and physiological aspects of sarcopenia and RTH for muscular function and hypertrophy. However, few investigations have examined the combined effects of hypoxic stress and resistance exercise, and as such, it is difficult to make recommendations for implementing universal RTH programs for sarcopenia based on current understanding. It should also be acknowledged that a number of mechanisms proposed to facilitate the augmented response to RTH remain poorly understood, particularly the role of metabolic, hormonal, and intracellular signaling pathways. Further RTH intervention studies considering various exercise parameters (e.g., load, recovery time between sets, hypoxic dose, and intervention period) are strongly recommended to reinforce knowledge about the adaptational processes and the effects of this type of resistance training for sarcopenia in older people.

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“…Subsequent trials published by this group [ 72 , 73 ] support the general finding that RT offers superior skeletal protection (as compared to AT), although the ability of exercise to confer skeletal benefit appears modest at best. This underwhelming response may stem from a lack of compliance [ 74 ] or a blunted anabolic response in this age group [ 75 ]. It could be, however, that exercise is more catabolic to bone than generally recognized, which may diminish the mechanical loading benefit of exercise [ 76 ], particularly in the context of CR.…”

Section: Structured Literature Review Of Published Rctsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ability of Exercise to Mitigate Caloric Restriction-Induced Bone Loss in Older Adults: A Structured Review of RCTs and Narrative Review of Exercise-Induced Changes in Bone Biomarkers

et al. 2021

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Despite the adverse metabolic and functional consequences of obesity, caloric restriction- (CR) induced weight loss is often contra-indicated in older adults with obesity due to the accompanying loss of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and subsequent increased risk of fracture. Several studies show a positive effect of exercise on aBMD among weight-stable older adults; however, data on the ability of exercise to mitigate bone loss secondary to CR are surprisingly equivocal. The purpose of this review is to provide a focused update of the randomized controlled trial literature assessing the efficacy of exercise as a countermeasure to CR-induced bone loss among older adults. Secondarily, we present data demonstrating the occurrence of exercise-induced changes in bone biomarkers, offering insight into why exercise is not more effective than observed in mitigating CR-induced bone loss.

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Optimizing Skeletal Muscle Anabolic Response to Resistance Training in Aging

Cited by 43 publications

References 160 publications

Evidence for the Contribution of Gut Microbiota to Age-Related Anabolic Resistance

Evidence for the Contribution of Gut Microbiota to Age-Related Anabolic Resistance

Resistance Training in Hypoxia as a New Therapeutic Modality for Sarcopenia—A Narrative Review

The Ability of Exercise to Mitigate Caloric Restriction-Induced Bone Loss in Older Adults: A Structured Review of RCTs and Narrative Review of Exercise-Induced Changes in Bone Biomarkers

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