Optimizing Short-Term Maximal Exercise Performance: The Superior Efficacy of a 6 mg/kg Caffeine Dose over 3 or 9 mg/kg in Young Female Team-Sports Athletes

Bougrine, Houda; Ammar, Achraf; Salem, Atef; Trabelsi, Khaled; Jahrami, Haitham; Chtourou, Hamdi; Souissi, Nizar

doi:10.3390/nu16050640

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…The side effects observed in our study, particularly when higher doses of CAF were administered, along with the possibility of experiencing nocebo effects under placebo conditions, could potentially have adverse effects on athletic performance, particularly in scenarios involving successive competitions or matches during a short period. Notably, there is a scarcity of studies investigating the effects of CAF withdrawal on exercise performance, highlighting an urgent necessity for research in this domain to establish a viable restriction protocol [ 84 ]. Nonetheless, relatively little attention has been paid to the potential adverse effects of CAF consumption, particularly at the levels commonly used to enhance athletic performance [ 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the metabolism of CAF has been shown to interact with oral contraceptive use, potentially prolonging its effects [ 91 ]. Our study excluded female athletes using contraception to maintain result consistency, a factor rarely considered in similar research [ 84 , 92 ]. To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have directly compared the effects of CAF intake on cognitive performance across different temperature contexts, or among athletes of both sexes, highlighting the necessity for future research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Various Caffeine Doses on Cognitive Abilities in Female Athletes with Low Caffeine Consumption

Bougrine,

Ammar,

Salem

et al. 2024

Brain Sciences

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Caffeine (CAF), a prevalent psychoactive stimulant, is believed to potentially enhance cognitive ability. However, studies on the effects of various doses are limited and yield inconsistent results, particularly in female athletes. Therefore, we aimed to assess the association between three different dosages of CAF intake (low, moderate, and high) and cognitive skills in female athletes with low CAF consumption. This study had a randomized, crossover, double-blind design in which each athlete performed four experimental sessions after ingesting either a placebo (PLAC), 3 mg·kg−1 of CAF (3 mg of CAF), 6 mg·kg−1 of CAF (6 mg of CAF), or 9 mg·kg−1 of CAF (9 mg of CAF) with an in-between washout period of at least 72 h. Following a 60 min window post-capsule consumption, fourteen female athletes (age: 17.4 ± 0.8 years) were assessed through various cognitive tests, namely, simple reaction time (SRT), choice reaction time (CRT), and attentional task (AT) tests, along with the mental rotation test (MRT). Additionally, they were required to complete a questionnaire about the undesirable side effects of CAF. Our results indicated that, compared to those of PLAC, the SRT, CRT, and AT performance were significantly improved following the administration of both 3 mg of CAF and 6 mg of CAF. While the greatest enhancement was observed after consuming 3 mg of CAF, no significant differences were found between the effects of 3 mg and 6 mg of CAF. Interestingly, MRT performance did not improve with any of the CAF dosages. Moreover, the ingestion of 9 mg of CAF did not enhance cognitive skills and was linked to the highest occurrence of CAF-related side effects. In conclusion, our results highlight the recommendation for a low CAF dosage of 3 mg·kg−1, in contrast to a higher dose of 6 mg·kg−1 or 9 mg·kg−1 of CAF, to enhance various aspects of cognitive performance in female athletes with low CAF consumption without adverse side effects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Various Caffeine Doses on Cognitive Abilities in Female Athletes with Low Caffeine Consumption

Bougrine,

Ammar,

Salem

et al. 2024

Brain Sciences

Self Cite

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“…Caffeine, being a significant sports nutrition supplement, has consistently garnered considerable attention [109]. Early investigations have substantially propelled research advancements in this domain and contributed to the widespread utilization of caffeine in daily practices [110][111][112][113][114]. While the majority of studies have indicated caffeine's performanceenhancing effects across various athletic disciplines, some have yielded inconclusive results regarding its efficacy in certain performance metrics [115].…”

Section: Considerations For Timing Factors In Future Caffeine Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing Matters: Time of Day Impacts the Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine—A Narrative Review

Zhang,

Yang,

Xue

et al. 2024

Nutrients

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Caffeine has attracted significant attention from researchers in the sports field due to its well-documented ergogenic effects across various athletic disciplines. As research on caffeine continues to progress, there has been a growing emphasis on evaluating caffeine dosage and administration methods. However, investigations into the optimal timing of caffeine intake remain limited. Therefore, this narrative review aimed to assess the ergogenic effects of caffeine administration at different times during the morning (06:00 to 10:00) and evening (16:00 to 21:00). The review findings suggest that circadian rhythms play a substantial role in influencing sports performance, potentially contributing to a decline in morning performance. Caffeine administration has demonstrated effectiveness in mitigating this phenomenon, resulting in ergogenic effects and performance enhancement, even comparable to nighttime levels. While the specific mechanisms by which caffeine regulates circadian rhythms and influences sports performance remain unclear, this review also explores the mechanisms underlying caffeine’s ergogenic effects, including the adenosine receptor blockade, increased muscle calcium release, and modulation of catecholamines. Additionally, the narrative review underscores caffeine’s indirect impact on circadian rhythms by enhancing responsiveness to light-induced phase shifts. Although the precise mechanisms through which caffeine improves morning performance declines via circadian rhythm regulation necessitate further investigations, it is noteworthy that the timing of caffeine administration significantly affects its ergogenic effects during exercise. This emphasizes the importance of considering caffeine intake timing in future research endeavors to optimize its ergogenic potential and elucidate its mechanisms.

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Effects of Different Caffeine Dosages on Maximal Physical Performance and Potential Side Effects in Low-Consumer Female Athletes: Morning vs. Evening Administration

Bougrine,

Ammar,

Salem

et al. 2024

Nutrients

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While previous studies have explored a range of factors governing the optimal use of caffeine (CAF) in athletes, limited research has explored how time of day (TOD) affects the ergogenic effects of various CAF dosages on physical performance. This study aimed to increase knowledge about how different recommended CAF doses (3 mg/kg vs. 6 mg/kg) ingested at different TODs affected maximal high-intensity physical performance and the perception of potential side effects in female athletes. In this double-blind, randomized, and counterbalanced study, 15 low CAF consumer athletes (aged 18.3 ± 0.5 y) underwent six trials, including three testing conditions assessed across two TODs: one in the morning (08:00 a.m.) and one in the evening (06:00 p.m.). During each condition, the participants ingested either a placebo, 3 mg/kg CAF (CAF (3 mg)), or 6 mg/kg CAF (CAF (6 mg)) capsules 60 min before each test with an in-between washout period of at least 72 h. In each trial, the participants performed a countermovement jumps test (CMJ), a modified agility t test (MATT), a repeated sprint ability (RSA), a rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and finally, a CAF side effects questionnaire. Our findings indicate the absence of an ergogenic effect on CMJ, MAT, and RSA performance in the evening after administering CAF (3 mg) or CAF (6 mg) compared to a placebo. Likewise, when CAF was ingested in the morning, there was an improvement in these performances with both CAF (3 mg) and CAF (6 mg), with greater improvement observed after CAF (6 mg). Additionally, neither the CAF dosage nor the TOD had a significant effect on the RPE. The occurrence of side effects increased significantly after the evening ingestion of CAF, particularly with a moderate dose of CAF (6 mg). Our findings indicate that the effectiveness of CAF depends on the TOD and CAF dosage. When ingested in the morning, a moderate dose of CAF (6 mg), rather than CAF (3 mg), is more effective in improving short-term physical performance without affecting CAF side effects in female athletes. Nevertheless, when ingested in the evening, neither dose was sufficient to enhance short-term physical performance, and both dosages increased the incidence of CAF side effects, particularly at a moderate dose.

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Optimizing Short-Term Maximal Exercise Performance: The Superior Efficacy of a 6 mg/kg Caffeine Dose over 3 or 9 mg/kg in Young Female Team-Sports Athletes

Cited by 4 publications

References 95 publications

Effects of Various Caffeine Doses on Cognitive Abilities in Female Athletes with Low Caffeine Consumption

Effects of Various Caffeine Doses on Cognitive Abilities in Female Athletes with Low Caffeine Consumption

Timing Matters: Time of Day Impacts the Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine—A Narrative Review

Effects of Different Caffeine Dosages on Maximal Physical Performance and Potential Side Effects in Low-Consumer Female Athletes: Morning vs. Evening Administration

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