“…So far, meta-heuristic algorithms have been roughly divided into four categories, which are based on biology, physics, sociology, and mathematics. In addition, many meta-heuristic algorithms have been applied to PEMFC parameter extraction, for example, antlion optimization algorithm (ALO) (Isa et al, 2019), particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) (Ye et al, 2009), biogeographybased optimization (BBO) (Gong and Cai, 2014), improved beetle antennae search (IBAS) (Sun et al, 2020), hybrid artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC) (Oliva et al, 2014), vortex search algorithm (VSA) (Fathy et al, 2020), differential evolution (DE) (Chakraborty et al, 2012), month flame optimizer algorithm (MFO) (Messaoud et al, 2020), multi-verse optimizer (MVO) (Zhao et al, 2016), gray wolf optimizer (GWO) (Yang et al, 2017), genetic algorithm (GA) (Ohenoja and Leiviskä, 2010), flower pollination algorithm (FPA) (Priya and Rajasekar, 2019), and equilibrium optimizer (EO) (Seleem et al, 2021).…”