Optimizing Jatropha biodiesohol composition for a suitable kinematic viscosity by a phase diagram and mixture design

Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a direct injection VCR CI engine using a Jatropha curcas oil microemulsion: a comparative assessment with JCO B100, JCO B20 and petrodiesel

“…The order of NO x emission can be related to the activation energy of the fuel, higher the activation energy higher is the NO x emission. 17,33,34 The activation energy presented in Table 3 for the tested fuels and the NO x emission pattern as shown in Fig. 3 were in agreement with literature.…”

“…12 The results obtained can be explained in terms of the reduced combustion temperatures for the oxygenated fuels and accordingly for MHBF (containing the highest amount oxygenate: $45% alcohol by volume) NO x emission was low ($5 times lower than petrodiesel at full engine load). 17,33,34 Further reduction of NO x was observed at CR 15, but…”

“…3). 17 The nonlinear trend of combustion observed for MHBF could be ascribed to its multi component nature. Further, as the ignition delay increased, more fuel was required at a lower CR and the NHR was increased in combustion phase.…”

“…The CP max for MHBF was higher because of the low ash point of anhydrous 1-butanol and ethanol. 17,[31][32][33][34][35][36] Further, from Fig. 3(b) it was seen that for all test fuels, the net heat release (NHR) were increasing from compression stroke to power stroke and there was no observable difference in the trends of NHR at CR 17.5.…”

“…In contrast, JCO B100 (the pure esters) exhibited the highest ash point (112 C) and activation energy of combustion (Table 3). 17…”