Optimizing guidance for an active shooter event

Gunn, Sean; Luh, Peter B.; Lu, Xuesong; Hotaling, Brock

doi:10.1109/icra.2017.7989495

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In two articles, emerging technologies were introduced that police may use in the future to help to eliminate or reduce threats during a mass shooting event. Based in crowd and network dynamic theory, computer simulations may be able to predict the best way for police officers to evacuate victims during a mass shooting (Gunn, Luh, Lu, & Hotaling, ). For example, computer simulations demonstrated that a “divide‐and‐conquer” approach in which victims are split into groups, as well as guiding victims from one secured room to the next, offer the most effective way to evacuate victims in the shortest amount of time (Gunn et al., ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid response to mass shootings

Reeping

Jacoby

Rajan

et al. 2019

Criminology & Public Policy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Research Summary:We conducted a scoping review of literature indexed in the National Library of Medicine's journal citation database, MEDLINE, and Scopus to identify articles in which the rapid response of hospital staff, emergency medical services personnel, the police, and the public to mass shootings is covered. Sixty-five articles were included, and critical themes related to reducing the harm from a mass shooting were summarized.Policy Implications: According to our findings, when mass shootings occur in the United States, several evidenceinformed steps can be taken from the moment the first bullet is fired until the last injured individual is transported to the hospital to promote a rapid response that can reduce death and disability. Ten recommendations are made ranging from recognition of the need for rapid response and bystander training to triage and transport training of police and avoidance of over-response.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid response to mass shootings

Reeping

Jacoby

Rajan

et al. 2019

Criminology & Public Policy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although human‐emergency interactions have been studied for some specific emergency types, that is, fire, earthquake, and acts of extreme violence (Zhu et al, 2020b), research has not considered emergencies with simultaneously controlled human factors and building factors. Past studies have focused on different building types, such as an office building (Zhao et al, 2008), a recreational building (Gunn et al, 2017), a supermarket (Cao et al, 2018), or unspecified buildings (Gwynne et al, 2001; Jin & Yamada, 1989). However, none of these studies investigated training effectiveness.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Be prepared: How training and emergency type affect evacuation behaviour

Liu

Zhu

Becerik-Gerber

et al. 2023

Computer Assisted Learning

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundVideo‐based training has been widely adopted by private organizations and public authorities to educate occupants on various types of building emergencies. However, the effectiveness of video‐based training for preparing occupants for building emergencies has not been rigorously studied nor has the impact of emergency type been investigated on training effectiveness.ObjectivesThis study examines whether video‐based training is an effective method to prepare occupants for building emergencies and how the effectiveness differs in the context of different building emergencies.MethodsWe simulated fire and active shooter emergencies in a virtual office building and conducted evacuation experiments to examine participants' emergency responses using both objective and subjective metrics. A total of 108 participants were recruited and responded to the fire or active shooter incident with or without video‐based training.Results and ConclusionsThe results revealed that participants with video‐based training more often chose to follow other recommendations when responding to building emergencies instead of simply following others. Results from ANOVA showed that training increased participants' self‐efficacy significantly, especially for those in the active shooter group. Moreover, participants in the active shooter simulation had a higher level of response efficacy than those in the fire emergency simulation. Our results also demonstrated the influence of emergency type on participants' final decisions and considerations of the recommendations.ImplicationsOur results suggested that video‐based training is effective in improving participants' emergency preparedness and changing their behaviour patterns to a certain extent such as reducing following behaviour and encouraging safe evacuations. Additionally, statistically significant interactions between video‐based training and emergency types suggested that training effectiveness should be considered in accordance with the emergency type.

show abstract

“…Moreover, due to the dynamic nature of the shooter, the evacuation plan has to be dynamic as well. Gunn et al modeled an optimal egress plan for active shooter scenarios [12] . They developed a novel divide-and-conquer approach to divide evacuees into groups and used dynamic stochastic programming for finding the optimal paths for these groups.…”

Section: Literature Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%