Optimizing Conditions for Scandium Extraction from Bauxite Residue Using Taguchi Methodology

Lymperopoulou, Theopisti; Georgiou, Paraskevas; Tsakanika, Lamprini-Areti; Hatzilyberis, Konstantinos; Ochsenkuehn-Petropoulou, Maria

doi:10.3390/min9040236

Cited by 23 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…RM also contains several rare earth elements (REEs), including scandium (60-120 ppm), yttrium (60-150 ppm), gallium (60-80 ppm), as well as radioactive elements uranium (50-60 ppm) and thorium (20-30 ppm) [92][93][94][95][96][97]; some of these concentrations are comparable or even better than corresponding concentrations in respective ores. REEs are generally recovered from RM using the hydrometallurgical route.…”

Section: Rare Earths and Other Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red Mud as a Secondary Resource of Low-Grade Iron: A Global Perspective

et al. 2022

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Managing red mud (RM), a solid waste byproduct of the alumina recovery process, is a serious ecological and environmental issue. With ~150 million tons/year of RM being generated globally, nearly 4.6 billion tons of RM are presently stored in vast waste reserves. RM can be a valuable resource of metals, minor elements, and rare earth elements. The suitability of RM as a low-grade iron resource was assessed in this study. The utilization of RM as a material resource in several commercial, industrial operations was briefly reviewed. Key features of iron recovery techniques, such as magnetic separation, carbothermal reduction, smelting reduction, acid leaching, and hydrothermal techniques were presented. RMs from different parts of the globe including India, China, Greece, Italy, France, and Russia were examined for their iron recovery potential. Data on RM composition, iron recovery, techniques, and yields was presented. The composition range of RMs examined were: Fe2O3: 28.3–63.2 wt.%; Al2O3: 6.9–26.53 wt.%; SiO2: 2.3–22.0 wt.%; Na2O: 0.27–13.44 wt.%; CaO: 0.26–23.8 wt.%; Al2O3/SiO2: 0.3–4.6. Even with a high alumina content and high Al2O3/SiO2 ratios, it was possible to recover iron in all cases, showing the significant potential of RM as a secondary resource of low-grade iron.

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Section: Rare Earths and Other Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red Mud as a Secondary Resource of Low-Grade Iron: A Global Perspective

et al. 2022

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“…Lymperopoulou et al [53] investigated leaching of iron and scandium from red mud by sulfuric acid using a statistical analysis of the obtained data using the Taguchi method.…”

Section: Direct Acid Digestionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of Valuable Elements from Red Mud with a Focus on Using Liquid Media—A Review

et al. 2021

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Bauxite residue, known as red mud, is a by-product of alumina production using the Bayer process. Currently, its total global storage amounts to over 4.6 billion tons, including about 600 million tons in Russia. The total global storage of red mud occupies large areas, leading to environmental damage and increasing environmental risks. Moreover, it contains a significant amount of sodium, which is easily soluble in subsoil water; therefore, a sustainable approach for comprehensive recycling of red mud is necessary. The bauxite residue contains valuable elements, such as aluminum, titanium, and scandium, which can be recovered using liquid media. In recent years, many methods of recovery of these elements from this waste have been proposed. This paper provides a critical review of hydrometallurgical, solvometallurgical, and complex methods for the recovery of valuable components from red mud, namely, aluminum, titanium, sodium, and rare and rare-earth elements. These methods include leaching using alkaline or acid solutions, ionic liquids, and biological organisms, in addition to red mud leaching solutions by extraction and sorption methods. Advantages and disadvantages of these processes in terms of their environmental impact are discussed.

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“…For instance, such applications include metal recovery, production of various materials including environmentally friendly construction materials, fillers, polymers and ceramics, utilization as a catalyst, a coagulant or a flocculant material as well as fabrication of hydroelectric cells to generate green electricity. In addition, due to its size and elevated specific surface area, numerous studies have focused on its potential for environmental remediation with its performance, as an inexpensive and efficient sorbent to remove organic or inorganic pollutants in various environments, to be thoroughly investigated (Hind 1999;Paramguru 2005;Gao 2022;Oschsenkuehn-Petropoulou 2018;Liu 2014;Akcil 2018;Borra 2015;Lymperopoulou 2019;Hatzilyberis 2020;Davris 2018;Borra 2016;Qu 2013;Dev 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis characterization and sorption properties of nanoscale zero valent iron using red mud as the iron source: cadmium removal from spiked aqueous solutions

2024

Global NEST Journal

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<p>The aim of the present study was to synthesize a sorbent material, nanoscale zero valent iron (n ZVI), using red mud as the iron source in the framework of circular economy. The sorbent synthesized was tested for Cd removal from spiked aqueous solutions. For the synthesis of the sorbent, iron reductive precipitation was used. The specific surface area (BET method) of the sorbent prepared was determined, while its surface composition, morphology, and texture were examined by powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDX). The sorption efficiency of the sorbent produced was inve-1stigated with kinetic and equilibrium experiments, performed in batch conditions. MATLAB software was used to fit experimental data to Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The results of the study showed that with the described process, nanoscale zero valent iron was prepared with grain size 81 and 89 nm and specific surface area of 36.59 and 28.9 m2·g-1 depended on the synthesis procedure followed. The sorbent appeared to be efficient for Cd removal from spiked aqueous solutions. Kinetic experiments proved that equilibrium was achieved within 24h while the maximum sorption capacity as evidenced by equilibrium experiments was 65 mg·g-1. Data proved to follow the pseudo second order model and to fit better to the Langmuir equation.</p>

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Optimizing Conditions for Scandium Extraction from Bauxite Residue Using Taguchi Methodology

Cited by 23 publications

References 64 publications

Red Mud as a Secondary Resource of Low-Grade Iron: A Global Perspective

Red Mud as a Secondary Resource of Low-Grade Iron: A Global Perspective

Extraction of Valuable Elements from Red Mud with a Focus on Using Liquid Media—A Review

Synthesis characterization and sorption properties of nanoscale zero valent iron using red mud as the iron source: cadmium removal from spiked aqueous solutions

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