Optimized Scheme of Antenna Diversity for Radio Wave Coverage in Tunnel Environment

Zhao, Zhenyu; Wang, Junhong; Hou, Weibin; Li, Yujian; Ai, Bo

doi:10.1109/access.2020.3008221

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Taking PLstraight as the reference value, the EL can be extracted and fitted with the direct proportional function in Figure 11b. In Figure 11b, EL is approximately proportional to the propagation distance in the curvature, which is consistent with Equation (12). The root mean square error (RMSE) between EL and the fitting line is 1.39 dB, and the slope of the fitting line is the ELC.…”

Section: Determination Of Elc By Rt Simulationsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…In (12), the ELC represents the extra loss coefficient in the curved tunnel, and its expression is as follows:…”

Section: The Joint Channel Model Based On Waveguide and Sbrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, when R x is in the far-field region, the propagation is mainly dominated by the fundamental mode. In addition, the EL is directly proportional to the propagation distance along the curvature in (12), and there is power function relation between ELC and R in (19). Therefore, this paper proposes a path-loss model for cascaded tunnels in the far-field region.…”

Section: The Joint Channel Model Based On Waveguide and Sbrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, deterministic methods include the waveguide approach, numerical methods for solving Maxwell equations, and the RT method [11]. The waveguide approach considers the tunnel as an ideal super waveguide [12], and radio propagation in tunnels is hence regarded as multimode propagation in waveguides [13]. As idealized approximations are involved, it is difficult to match well with the real channel in complex tunnel environments [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Path Loss Model for 3.5 GHz and 5.6 GHz Bands in Cascaded Tunnel Environments

Qian

Saleem

et al. 2022

Sensors

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An important and typical scenario of radio propagation in a railway or subway tunnel environment is the cascaded straight and curved tunnel. In this paper, we propose a joint path loss model for cascaded tunnels at 3.5 GHz and 5.6 GHz frequency bands. By combining the waveguide mode theory and the method of shooting and bouncing ray (SBR), it is found that the curvature of tunnels introduces an extra loss in the far-field region, which can be modeled as a linear function of the propagation distance of the signal in the curved tunnel. The channel of the cascaded straight and curved tunnel is thus characterized using the extra loss coefficient (ELC). Based on the ray-tracing (RT) method, an empirical formula between ELC and the radius of the curvature is provided for 3.5 GHz and 5.6 GHz, respectively. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed model is verified by measurement and simulation results. It is shown that the proposed model can predict path loss in cascaded tunnels with desirable accuracy and low complexity.

show abstract

Section: Determination Of Elc By Rt Simulationsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…In (12), the ELC represents the extra loss coefficient in the curved tunnel, and its expression is as follows:…”

Section: The Joint Channel Model Based On Waveguide and Sbrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Joint Channel Model Based On Waveguide and Sbrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Path Loss Model for 3.5 GHz and 5.6 GHz Bands in Cascaded Tunnel Environments

Qian

Saleem

et al. 2022

Sensors

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“…Spatial diversity and multiplexing are two important applications in MIMO systems. On one hand, transmit or receive diversity is a means to combat channel fading, providing higher directional gains and higher spectrum efficiency [3,4]. On the other hand, spatial multiplexing can increase the data transmission rate by transmitting independent information streams in parallel through the spatial channels, which is particularly important in the high-SNR regime where the system is degree-offreedom limited [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 4 × 4 Beamforming Network for Spatial Diversity and Multiplexing Reconfiguration

Sun

Gao

Zhou

et al. 2022

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

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A simple 4 × 4 beamforming network with spatial diversity and multiplexing reconfiguration is proposed in this paper. By analyzing and decomposing the simplified transmission matrix of the network, it is found that the 4 × 4 butler matrix can achieve spatial diversity and multiplexing reconfiguration by switching the operating modes of the four-port devices. Therefore, by designing a reconfigurable device with three modes among hybrid coupler, crossover, and transmission line, a simple 4 × 4 reconfigurable beamforming network is achieved. The proposed network can achieve orthogonal spatial diversity responses with equal amplitude and progressive phase distribution responses at the four output ports (State 1) and hybrid spatial diversity and multiplexing responses (State 2) with equal amplitude and progressive phase distribution responses at the two adjacent output ports. For the experimental validation, a particular version of the reconfigurable device and network which work at 4.9 GHz, have been designed, fabricated, and tested. Good results indicate the proposed network can be widely used in wireless communication networks for MIMO applications.

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Embracing Small Satellites Into Future 6G Inclusive IoT Coverage: A Deployment of Diversity-Based Theoretical Framework

Al-Anbagi,

Vertat

2023

IEEE Access

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The popular small satellites already attracted attention towards the integration into the future ubiquitous Internet of Things (IoT) networks. Small satellites can act as IoT base stations to efficiently collect data from sensors in remote areas and offload it to ground stations (GSs). The size constraints of small satellites, however, impose limited power resources and tiny antennas onboard. Consequently, weak signals and outages are more probable at GSs. Therefore, GSs must utilize high gain antennas with complex and expensive steering resources to collect such weak signals through a single radio link. This traditional scheme can track only one satellite at a time with more vulnerability to outages resulting from possible severe signal degradations or from steering engine failures. To contribute to a successful integration of the popular small satellites into the future sixth generation (6G) inclusive IoT networks, this work validates the concept of diversity combining in improving the reception of small satellites signals. Six versions of the small satellite VZLUSAT-2's beacon were recorded by six simple software defined radio GSs registered at SatNOGS network and then combined. To assess the quality of the combined version, its errors are compared to the errors of the individual versions. According to the findings, if the GSs worked cooperatively in a diversity mode, they could generate a combined version that was always better than any other individually received stream. Furthermore, such a diversity-based scheme reduces the probability of outages and enables the simultaneous tracking of multiple satellites at each GS.

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Optimized Scheme of Antenna Diversity for Radio Wave Coverage in Tunnel Environment

Cited by 9 publications

References 24 publications

Path Loss Model for 3.5 GHz and 5.6 GHz Bands in Cascaded Tunnel Environments

Path Loss Model for 3.5 GHz and 5.6 GHz Bands in Cascaded Tunnel Environments

A 4 × 4 Beamforming Network for Spatial Diversity and Multiplexing Reconfiguration

Embracing Small Satellites Into Future 6G Inclusive IoT Coverage: A Deployment of Diversity-Based Theoretical Framework

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