Optimized LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of endocrine disruptors and PAHs bound to PM2.5: Sources and health risk in Indo-Gangetic Plain

Development and validation of a GC Orbitrap-MS method for the analysis of phthalate esters (PAE) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA) in atmospheric particles and its application for screening PM2.5 from Curitiba, Brazil

“…There are only a few studies that reported DEHA concentrations in PM (Table S2†). The observed mean DEHA concentration in this Curitiba (2.9 ng m −3 ) was within the range of those observed in Mohali (1.4 ng m −3 ) 21 and Guangzhou (1.8 ng m −3 ). 22 However, the sources for DEHA in outdoor air in these two locations were reported in the latter work.…”

“…The concentrations of DEHP in the Curitiba samples were within the range of the concentrations (15–19 ng m −3 ) observed in PM 2.5 from a sub-urban location in Mohali, India. 21 Meanwhile, the mean concentration (9.3 ng m −3 ) of DEHP in this work was 4.7 times higher than those (2.0 ng m −3 ) detected in urban PM 2.5 from an industrial site of Vigo City, Spain. 34 The mean DEHP concentration in PM from Curitiba was also 8.7 times higher than the mean concentration of the same pollutant (1.1 ng m −3 ) in urban PM 2.5 collected from a densely populated and heavy traffic site in Mexico City, Mexico.…”

“…Li et al 9 used dual trap GC technique which yielded excellent LODs ranging from 1.1 to 24 pg m −3 for all target PAEs. Patnana et al 21 recently presented a method employing an LC-MS/MS (QqQ) with LODs within the range of 30–1150 pg m −3 for target PAEs and DEHA in PM. Methods have also been developed for the analysis of PAEs in other matrices such as alcoholic drinks (LC-MS/MS (QqQ) method; LODs of 1.7–33 μg L −1 ), 35 and food simulants (salt-assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) GC-MS/MS (QqQ) method; LODs of 1.1–15 ng g −1 (for target PAEs)).…”

“…19 PAEs and DEHA have been previously observed in PM samples collected from various locations, e.g. rural (PM 2.5 from Guayama, Puerto Rico), 20 suburban (PM 2.5 from Mohali, India), 21 urban industrial (PM 2.5 from Guangzhou, China) 22 and urban residential (PM 2.5 and PM 10 from Mexico City, Mexico). 23 PAEs and DEHA concentrations in PM (including the samples from Guayama, Mohali, Guangzhou, and Mexico City) are typically analysed using mass spectrometry coupled to gas chromatography (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography (LC-MS).…”

Extraction and determination methods of phthalates

“…Coupling method of liquid chromatography and electrospray tandem mass spectrometer Methods The compounds were separated by an analytical column, and the compounds were gradiently eluted with a specific solvent at the same temperature to obtain pure products, which were then analyzed by mass spectrometer. Durga Prasad Patnana et al [28] used ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and triple quadrupole mass spectrometer to identify and quantify target PAEs in aerosol samples, and after that used Agilent Zorbax RRHD eclipse plus C18 column and an electrospray ionization source in positive mode. Passing by the combination of the two achieves the chromatographic separation of the target PAEs.…”