Optimized HPLC -UV Method for Separation, Detection and Quantification of Endocrine Disrupting Estrogens in Low Quality Water

Abstract

Endocrine disrupting estrogens are emerging contaminants in aquatic ecosystems and environment in general. There are no guidelines for routine monitoring of these chemicals, despite the existing evidences of their adverse health effect to living organisms at low concentrations. This study aimed at developing and validating an optimized HPLC-UV method for detection and quantification of estradiol and ethinylestradiol. Isocratic elution was used for separation and detection of ethinylestradiol and estradiol. The mobile phase was applied with A; water B; acetonitrile (50:50) at flow rate of 0.7mL/min and injection volume 10mL. The precision and accuracy of the method were within the acceptable range. Relative standard deviation of peak area for E2 ranged from 1.373 to 3.668%, and for EE2 ranged from 0.829 to 6.495 %. The percentage recovery for E2 ranged from 82.3 to 99.84 %, and for EE2 ranged from 84.6 to 103.52 %. Linearity of the method was realized at range of 2.5 to 50 ng/mL and 100 to 1000 ng/mL for both E2 and EE2. The linear regression coefficients were 0.9979 and 0.9973 for E2 whereas for EE2 were 0.9983 and 0.9976. Limit of detection were found to be 0.05 ng/mL and 0.08 ng/mL for E2 and EE2 respectively. The obtained limits of quantification were 0.18 and 0.28 ng/mL for E2 and EE2 respectively. In untreated sewage the concentrations of E2 and EE2 were 0.28 ng/ml and 0.18 ng/ml respectively. But in subsequent wastewater stabilization ponds the concentrations were below detection limit. Therefore, the optimized HPLC-UV method is suitable for detection and quantification of endocrine disrupting estrogens when a level of pollution is at least 0.15 ng/ml. At low extent of pollution would require use of the method in conjunction with ELISA technique.

Development and Validation of an High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for the Determination of 17-Β Estradiol in Polymeric Nanoparticles

“…There are no studies in the literature regarding high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods to quantify 17-β estradiol in PCL nanoparticles. Msigala [20] described an optimized HPLC-ultraviolet (UV) method to detect estrogen in water. The column used was a C-18 with mobile phase of acetonitrile:water (50:50 v/v) and flow rate of 0.7 mL.min -1 .…”

Assessment of levels and distribution of progesterone in receiving waters and wastewaters in the vicinity of Arusha city,Tanzania

“…Different studies have been carried out showing the sources and distribution of EDCs in the aquatic environment, including river water, spring water, lakes, and wastewater effluent (Manickum & John, 2014;Msigala et al, 2017;Damkjaer, Weisser, Msigala, Mdegela & Styrishave, 2018). Highly industrial areas in the world are suspected to be more contaminated by a wide range of micropollutants from industrial chemicals that leach into the soil and pollute ground and surface waters (Diamanti-Kandarakis et al, 2009).…”

“…These processes, directly and indirectly, are influenced by loading rates, temperatures, and soil types, operational strategies and redox conditions in the wetland bed (Stein, 2003). The efficiency of EDCs removal in WSPs depend on pond design, reduced pond repairs and physical-chemical parameters such as pond surface area, water depth, solution pH and dissolved oxygen (Msigala et al, 2017). However, WSPs and CW systems have not widely been used due to lack of awareness and indigenous knowledge in developing the technology (Vymazal, 2009).…”

“…The removal efficiency of WSPs may also be influenced by many other natural factors, including temperature, wind speed, sunlight, and rainfall. Moreover, the performance of WSPs may be affected by pond design, reduced maintenance and physical-chemical parameters such as pond surface area, water depth, pH and dissolved oxygen (Msigala et al, 2017).…”

“…estrogen in the receiving rivers (Msigala, Mabiki, Styrishave & Mdegela, 2017;Leusch et al, 2018) However, in developing countries like Tanzania, there is limited information on the levels and distribution of EDCs with many studies in heavy metals (Mdegela et al, 2009;Rwiza, Oh, Kim & Kim, 2018). Even globally, research coverage on progesterone levels in aquatic systems is limited.…”