Optimized Aqueous Extraction of Saponins from Bitter Melon for Production of a Saponin‐Enriched Bitter Melon Powder

Tan, Sing Pei; Vuong, Quan V.; Stathopoulos, Costas E.; Parks, Sophie E.; Roach, Paul D.

doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12514

Cited by 52 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Moreover, the absence of LAR or ANR in some plant species, especially plants belonging Cucurbitaceae, was supported by the KEGG database survey. Among Cucurbitaceae plants, proanthocyanidins were found in the seeds and whole fruits of cucumber and bitter melon, respectively (Tan et al 2014;Zhu et al 2016). Thus, some plants may produce proanthocyanidins via undiscovered biosynthesis pathways without LAR and ANR involvement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthocyanin mutants of Japanese and common morning glories exhibit normal proanthocyanidin accumulation in seed coats

Park

Nitasaka

Hoshino

2018

Plant Biotechnology

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Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis pathways are believed to overlap. This study examined proanthocyanidin accumulation in seed coats of morning glories (Ipomoea nil and I. purpurea) carrying mutations in CHS-D, CHI, and ANS genes encoding chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, and anthocyanidin synthase, respectively. Chemical staining revealed that mutants accumulate proanthocyanidin normally. Thus, the tested genes are not essential to proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, but are essential to anthocyanin biosynthesis in flowers and stems. Based on the results and the I. nil draft genome sequence, the genes involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, including a new copy of the flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene could be predicted. Moreover, the genome has no homologs for known enzymes involved in producing flavan-3-ols, the starter and extension units of proanthocyanidin. These results suggested that I. nil produces flavan-3-ols through an undiscovered biosynthesis pathway. To characterize proanthocyanidin pigmentation further, we conducted mutant screening using a large I. nil population. We discovered that the brown mutant lines (exhibiting brown seeds and normal anthocyanin pigmentation) do not accumulate proanthocyanidin in their seed coats. Thus, the brown mutation should be useful for further investigations into the various mechanisms controlling anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin pathways.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthocyanin mutants of Japanese and common morning glories exhibit normal proanthocyanidin accumulation in seed coats

Park

Nitasaka

Hoshino

2018

Plant Biotechnology

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“…However, a report of Tan et al [26] showed that saponins from bitter melon correlated as strongly as phenolics with antioxidant capacity (R 2 ranged from 0.87 to 0.93). The structural diversity of different saponins from different materials possibly explains their variations in antioxidant activity.…”

Section: Correlations Between Bioactive Compounds and Total Solids Anmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The total phenolic content of Gac seed extracts was determined according to the method of Tan et al [26] with some modifications. Briefly, 0.5 mL of diluted extract was mixed with 2.5 mL of 10% (v/v) Folin-Ciocalteu reagent in water and incubated at room temperature for 2 min to equilibrate.…”

Section: Determination Of Total Phenolic Content (Tpc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Solvents and Extraction Methods on Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds

Parks

Nguyen

et al. 2018

Separations

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Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) seeds contain bioactive compounds with medicinal properties. This study aimed to determine a suitable solvent and extraction technique for recovery of important compounds, namely, trypsin inhibitors, saponins, and phenolics. The antioxidant capacity and total solids of derived extracts were also measured. Water with conventional extraction method gave the highest value of trypsin inhibitor activity (118.45 ± 4.90 mg trypsin g −1 ) while water-saturated n-butanol and methanol extracts were characterized by their highest content of saponins (40.75 ± 0.31 and 38.80 ± 2.82 mg AE g −1 , respectively). Aqueous extract with microwave assistance achieved the highest phenolics (3.18 ± 0.04 mg GAE g −1 ). As a measure of antioxidant capacity, the 2,2 -azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assay gave highest value to the aqueous microwave extract (23.56 ± 0.82 µmol TE g −1 ) while the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay gave highest values to water-saturated n-butanol and 70% ethanol extracts (5.25 ± 0.04 and 4.71 ± 0.39 µmol TE g −1 , respectively). The total solids value was highest using water with microwave assistance (141.5 g kg −1 ) while ultrasound treatment did not improve any extractions. Therefore, trypsin inhibitors are suitably recovered using water while water-saturated n-butanol or methanol is for saponins, both using a conventional method. Microwave extraction is suitable for phenolics recovery. These conditions are recommended for an efficient recovery of bioactive compounds from defatted Gac seeds.

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“…Recently, Tan and colleagues reported optimized conditions for preparing an extract of Big Top Medium bitter melon with an increased saponin yield. 28 The mechanisms involved in cytotoxicity against cell lines of different genetic profiles were examined as well as isolating the bioactive component/s responsible for the effects on these cells. It was hypothesized that saponin compounds from the enriched bitter melon extract are the bioactive components, which contribute to the cytotoxic action against PC cells in vitro and would give a greater cytotoxic effect than the crude extract.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytotoxic Effect of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) Ethanol Extract and Its Fractions on Pancreatic Cancer Cells in vitro

Richmond¹,

Vuong²,

Scarlett³

2017

Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine

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IntroductionPancreatic cancer (PC) is the fourth most lethal form of cancer in Western society, with mortality closely mirroring incidence and an overall 5-year survival of less than 7%. 1,2 Upon diagnosis, only 20% of patients are eligible for surgery, the only potential cure to date, with the remainder in advanced stages of the disease.Surgery is invasive due to the physical location of the pancreas and is often used as a treatment option in combination with chemotherapy. Despite this, a majority of patients who undergo surgery suffer a relapse from metastatic disease or experience comorbidities such as venothromboembolic disease. 3-5 Chemotherapy for PC patients involves treatment with agents such as the standard chemotherapeutic anti-metabolite drug gemcitabine (a pyrimidine analogue), or adjuvant therapy with additional agents such as the anti-tubulin agent nab-paclitaxel that can block nuclear division, causing cell death. 3,6,7 Combination drug 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid, irinotecan and oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX) is also a common treatment option but despite better response and survival rates than with single-agent gemcitabine treatment, FOLFIRINOX has greater levels of toxicity. 3 Chemotherapy outcomes are varied due to physical and genetic obstacles of PC that cause complications, as they can Keywords: Bitter melon; Pancreatic cancer; Herbal medicine. Abbreviations: AE, aescin equivalent; BMJ, bitter melon juice; CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; CE, crude ethanol extract; CuB, Cucurbitacin B; F1, fraction 1; F2, fraction 2; F3, fraction 3; FBS, fetal bovine serum; GI50, minimum 50% growth inhibitory concentration; HPDE, human pancreatic ductal epithelial; HPLC, high-pressure liquid chromatography; L-Glu, L-glutamine; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PC, pancreatic cancer; SE, saponin-enriched extract. Cytotoxic Effect of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) Ethanol Extract and Its Fractions on Pancreatic Cancer Cells in vitro AbstractBackground and objectives: The incidence of pancreatic cancer (PC) closely matches mortality, with current therapies ineffective often due to late diagnosis and difficulties in drug delivery. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia, Cucurbitaceae) has been traditionally used as an herbal medicine, particularly for the treatment of diabetes, in South East Asian countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-PC potential of a crude ethanol extract (CE) and its enriched fractions.

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Optimized Aqueous Extraction of Saponins from Bitter Melon for Production of a Saponin‐Enriched Bitter Melon Powder

Cited by 52 publications

References 45 publications

Anthocyanin mutants of Japanese and common morning glories exhibit normal proanthocyanidin accumulation in seed coats

Anthocyanin mutants of Japanese and common morning glories exhibit normal proanthocyanidin accumulation in seed coats

Effect of Solvents and Extraction Methods on Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds

Cytotoxic Effect of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) Ethanol Extract and Its Fractions on Pancreatic Cancer Cells in vitro

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