Optimizations of inhibitors compounding and applied conditions in simulated circulating cooling water system

Double‐hydrophilic polyether antiscalant used as a crystal growth modifier of calcium scales in cooling‐water systems

“…At the end point of titration, the color of the solution changed from purple red into dark blue with a calcon-carboxylic acid indicator. The copolymer inhibition efficiency for CaCO 3 21 ions at the beginning of the scale tests. Commercial-scale inhibitors with different molecular structures and MWs, such as PAA, HPMA, PBTC, and PESA, were also tested to obtain a comparison of different inhibition efficiencies.…”

“…The CaCO 3 scale was deposited with a mixture of certain amounts of CaCl 2 and NaHCO 3 solutions, according to the national standard of People's Republic of China concerning the code for the design of industrial circulating cooling-water treatments (GB/T 16632-2008). The final concentrations of Ca 21 and HCO 3 2 were 240 and 732 mg/L, respectively, with the solution pH 9 adjusted by a borax buffer solution. Investigation with inhibitors and without inhibitors were all carried out.…”

“…1,2 In the long-cycle operation, severe phenomena of scale deposition, metal pipeline corrosion, microbial propagation occurred spontaneously; this caused security issues and technical and economic problems such as decreased system heat-transfer efficiency, increased cleaning frequency, and even unexpected system shutdowns. 3,4 To alleviate and prevent the aforementioned phenomena from occurring, the most common and effective control method is to apply water-treatment agents, which consist of strong chelating functional groups and pose superior affinity and dispersion power toward Ca 21 , Fe 31 , Mg 21 , Ba 21 , and the like in industrial water systems. 5 Polycarboxylate and polyphosphonate antiscalants are the most commonly used inhibitors for retarding the growth of calcium salts, such as poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), hydrolytic poly(maleic anhydride) (HPMA), 2-phosphonobutane 1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTC), 1-hydroxyethylidine 1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), and poly(hydric alcohol phosphate ester), together with the nonphosphorus environmentally friendly inhibitor poly(epoxysuccinic acid) (PESA).…”

Determination of Water Evaporation Rate in an Assembled Bench Scale MED and Impact of Anti-Scaling Agents on the Morphology of Scale

“…The poor quality of cooling water is attributed to evaporation which occurs in the cooling towers, when natural water vapor escapes at the top of the towers causing high concentration of salts/minerals. Concentrated cooling water with such a quality is prone to scaling and corrosion of the heat exchangers and the inner surface of the pipe-system [2]. On the other hand, the salt content of the cooling water crystalizes and accumulates in the ponds of the cooling tower, which also requires cleaning, thus adding to the operating costs [2].…”

N-substituted amino acids as multifunctional additives used in cooling water. I. N-Hydroxymethyl amino acids

“…In the water handling chemicals of different types are parallel used; one of them controls the chemical and electrochemical corrosion, the other one reduces the scale formation [20,21], and the third one decreases the activity of microbes [22][23][24][25][26]. In all cases it is necessary to harmonize the application of all chemicals used at the same time in order to avoid the incompatibility.…”