Optimization study of ammonia and glutaraldehyde contents on vulcanization of natural rubber latex

Johns, Anish; Aan, M.P. Sham; Johns, Jobish; Bhagyashekar, M.S.; Nakason, Charoen; Kalkornsurapranee, Ekwipoo

doi:10.1007/s13726-015-0382-8

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…[1] The GA-cured system has been successfully developed and reported in our previous works. [20][21][22] It has been shown that, this curing system provides better thermal stability than that of the sulfur-cured system with greater ease of processing. However, it may be noted that the rubber cured from glutaraldehyde exhibits defensive mechanical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this system must be cured at high temperature and it can produce an irritating smell by generating a toxic by‐product called acetophenone . The GA‐cured system has been successfully developed and reported in our previous works . It has been shown that, this curing system provides better thermal stability than that of the sulfur‐cured system with greater ease of processing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Influence of grafting content on the properties of cured natural rubber grafted with PMMAs using glutaraldehyde as a cross‐linking agent

et al. 2017

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this work, we present an easy way to vulcanize natural rubber using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. The effect of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) grafting along with cross-linking of natural rubber on the mechanical, thermal, and oil resistance properties was studied. The main objective of this work was to improve the properties of cured natural rubber (NR) based on glutaraldehyde (GA) as a curing agent by using modified NR. Cured NRg-PMMA with different grafting levels were studied systematically and compared with cured natural rubber. A remarkable improvement in the properties of natural rubber was obtained by grafting PMMA.Higher tensile strength without much reduction in elongation at break can be achieved by curing NRg-PMMA with glutaraldehyde. The natural rubber grafted with PMMA and subsequently cured with glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent was found to be a useful technique for improving the properties of natural rubber products. K E Y W O R D Sglutaraldehyde, graft copolymer, grafted PMMA, natural rubber, poly(methyl methacrylate), vulcanization How to cite this article: Kalkornsurapranee E, Yung-Aoon W, Thongnuanchan B, Thitithammawong A, Nakason C, Johns J. Influence of grafting content on the properties of cured natural rubber grafted with PMMAs using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of grafting content on the properties of cured natural rubber grafted with PMMAs using glutaraldehyde as a cross‐linking agent

et al. 2017

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although NR reportedly can be crosslinked by GTA, such crosslinking reaction was carried out at 45°C for at least 24 h . Therefore, the NR might not be effectively crosslinked by GTA at ambient temperature (30°C).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of modified Natural Rubber with grafted poly(acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate‐co‐methyl methacrylate) and performance of derived adhesives with GTA crosslinker

Thongnuanchan

Ninjan

Kaesaman

et al. 2017

Polymer Engineering & Sci

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The main objective of this study is to develop wood adhesives that can be cured at room temperature, based on modified natural rubber (NR) latex. Two types of modified NR, namely poly(acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate)‐grafted NR, NR‐g‐PAAEM, and poly(acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate‐co‐methyl methacrylate)‐grafted NR, NR‐g‐P(AAEM‐co‐MMA), were synthesized. Emulsion polymerization technique was exploited to synthesize the graft copolymers. The hydrophilicity of NR after grafting modifications was examined by means of contact angle. These results reveal that the NR become more hydrophilic after being modified with poly(acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate), PAAEM, and/or poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA. Adhesion properties in terms of lap shear strength were studied for wood adhesives derived from both types of NR graft copolymers, with glutaraldehyde (GTA) as the crosslinking agent. The results show that adhesives based on the NR graft copolymers gave higher lap shear strength than the NR latex adhesive. For the graft copolymers, the NR‐g‐P(AAEM‐co‐MMA) adhesive exhibited much higher lap shear strength than the NR‐g‐PAAEM adhesive. This indicates that the incorporation of PMMA chains into the NR‐g‐PAAEM molecules significantly increased the cohesive strength of the resulting adhesive, which is probably due to increased modulus and hardness of the adhesive film. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:1610–1618, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

show abstract

“…The increase in gel content in natural rubber latex due to Maillard reaction has been published in recent years. Johns et al [32,33], for example, studied the effect of glutaldehyde in natural rubber latex in the presence of different levels of ammonia. Increasing ammonia levels was found to increase the crosslink density of the rubber as the solvent uptake reduced.…”

Section: Gel Content Of Maillard Reacted Latex Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Maillard reaction in ammonia preserved natural rubber latex using reducing sugars

2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Investigation of Maillard reaction in natural rubber (NR) latex was carried out using two reducing sugars, glucose and ribose. Both reducing sugars together with a 1:1 mixture were added as 5 wt% solution to concentrated NR latex preserved with ammonia in a 1:1 ratio and preheated at 27, 70 and 90 °C for 2 h. The changes in the latex due to the reaction were characterised using pH and L values for 216 h (9 days). Cast latex films were then prepared and investigated for their swelling index (SI), gel content and tensile properties. Results obtained showed reduction in both pH and L values with time for the latexes with reducing sugars indicating progress of the Maillard reaction. For the Maillard reacted films, SI reduced whereas gel content, tensile stress and tensile strength increased. However, no significant changes were observed for the elongation at break of the reacted samples compared to the unreacted samples. Increasing the preheating temperature of the latex and reducing sugar mixtures to 70 and 90 °C from 27 °C increased the Maillard reaction which further improved the film properties. Although both reducing sugars improved the film properties, the improvements brought by reacting NR latex with ribose were more significant compared to reacting NR latex with glucose. From the current findings, it is evident that reducing sugars could be used to enhance the physical properties of natural rubber latex films. This technique will benefit the latex industry as it is environmentally friendly, easily applicable and cheaper compared to currently available techniques.

show abstract

Optimization study of ammonia and glutaraldehyde contents on vulcanization of natural rubber latex

Cited by 22 publications

References 23 publications

Influence of grafting content on the properties of cured natural rubber grafted with PMMAs using glutaraldehyde as a cross‐linking agent

Influence of grafting content on the properties of cured natural rubber grafted with PMMAs using glutaraldehyde as a cross‐linking agent

Synthesis of modified Natural Rubber with grafted poly(acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate‐co‐methyl methacrylate) and performance of derived adhesives with GTA crosslinker

Effect of Maillard reaction in ammonia preserved natural rubber latex using reducing sugars

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About