Optimization Strategy for Economic Power Dispatch Utilizing Retired EV Batteries as Flexible Loads

Abstract

With the increasing penetration of new and renewable energy, incorporating variable adjustable power elements on the demand side is of particular interest. The utilization of batteries as flexible loads is a hot research topic. Lithium-ion batteries are key components in electric vehicles (EVs) in terms of capital cost, mass and size. They are retired after around 5 years of service, but still retain up to 80% of their nominal capacity. Disposal of waste batteries will become a significant issue for the automotive industry in the years to come. This work proposes the use of the second life of these batteries as flexible loads to participate in the economic power dispatch. The characteristics of second life batteries (SLBs) are varied and diverse, requiring a new optimization strategy for power dispatch at the system level. In this work, SLBs are characterized and their operating curves are obtained analytically for developing an economic power dispatch model involving wind farms and second life batteries. In addition, a dispatch strategy is developed to reduce the dispatch complex brought by the disperse spatial and time distribution of EVs and decrease the system operating cost by introducing incentive and penalty costs in regulating the EV performance. In theory, SLBs are utilized to reduce the peak-valley difference of power loads and to stabilize the power system. Test results based on a ten-unit power system have verified the effectiveness of the proposed dispatch model and the economic benefit of utilizing SLBs as flexible loads in power systems. This work may provide a viable solution to the disposal of waste batteries from EVs and to the stable operation of fluctuating power systems incorporating stochastic renewable energy.

Emerging supply chain of utilising electrical vehicle retired batteries in distributed energy systems

“…Typically, an EV lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery pack needs to be replaced when its capacity reduces to 80% of its rated capacity due to the safety and performance considerations 3 . The expensive disposal process and low recycling rate (less than 2%) cause environmental concerns e.g., active metals resource depletion 4,5 . Reuse of retired EV batteries for stationary applications e.g., in distributed energy systems (DES), has been suggested as a promising way to catalyse a resource-circular battery industry and create new supply chains for energy storage 6,7 .…”

Wind-Thermal-Nuclear-Storage Combined Time Division Power Dispatch Based on Numerical Characteristics of Net Load

“…In respect of the issues above, there are many studies on the power dispatch strategy with high proportion of renewable energy [11][12][13][14][15][16]. The coordination among multi-sources in the power system that is utilized to improve the consumption of renewable power energy is one of the most important strategies.…”

“…are flexible sources to promote their development and utilization [11,12]. On the load side, the flexible loads such as electric vehicles [13] and energy storage [14] are introduced to increase the system flexibility, which can improve the reserve capability and promote the consumption of renewable energy. The pumped storage is a kind of large, flexible, and fast response capability owning energy storage unit [15,16].…”

Operation and Economic Assessment of Hybrid Refueling Station Considering Traffic Flow Information

“…Previous studies carried out on the management on "New Energy" vehicles refueling stations have confirmed the active impact on economical operation and network reinforcement deferral [4,5]. In order to reduce the operational cost of the integrated smart EV's charging station with battery energy storage, Yan et al [6] proposed a four-stage optimization and control algorithm.…”