Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of naturally occurring glucosinolates from by-products of Camelina sativa L. and their effect on human colorectal cancer cell line

Abstract

The food waste generated by small and medium agro-industrial enterprises requires appropriate management and valorization in order to decrease environmental problems and recover high-value products, respectively. In this study, the Camelina sativa seed by-product was used as a source of glucosinolates. To begin, the chemical profile of the extract obtained using an international organization for standardization (ISO) procedure was determined by UPLC-HRMS/MS analysis. In addition, an extraction method based on ultrasound-assisted extraction was developed as an alternative and green method to recover glucosinolates. Main parameters that affect extraction efficiency were optimized using a response surface design. Under optimized conditions, the extract showed an improvement in extraction yield with a reduction in organic solvent amount compared to those obtained using the ISO procedure. Finally, the extract obtained with the ultrasound-assisted method was purified, tested on human colorectal cancer cell lines, and showed promising results.

Eco-Efficient Quantification of Glucosinolates in Camelina Seed, Oil, and Defatted Meal: Optimization, Development, and Validation of a UPLC-DAD Method

“…We determined the average total glucosinolate concentration to be 8.39 mg/g in camelina seeds (wet-basis results) and 15.95 mg/g in the defatted meal ( Table 3 ). In a recent study, Pagliari et al [ 28 ] reported 5.69 mg/g as the average total glucosinolate result in camelina-defatted meals using a rapid and green method, which is approximately 3-fold lower than our result. Matthäus and Zubr [ 38 ] reported the total content of glucosinolates to be in the range of 4.68–9.88 mg/g in camelina seeds and 7.54–12.17 mg/g in camelina defatted meal (oilseed cake).…”

“…In addition, the desulfation rate can vary within the column and yield results that will overestimate or underestimate the total glucosinolate concentration [ 25 , 26 ]. With the increased sensitivity and specificity that the modern liquid chromatography instrument and column can provide, direct measurement of intact glucosinolates may be feasible, and the desulfation steps can be omitted when the method is carefully designed [ 27 , 28 ].…”

“…It does not require corresponding GS9-11 reference standards, and the run time is only 16.5 min for the HPLC portion. While we were preparing for this manuscript, a simple and green ultrasound-assisted UPLC-HRMS/MS method was just published for GS9-11 determination in camelina meal [ 28 ], and the run time was only 11.5 min. The authors also used a response surface design to optimize the extraction conditions and utilized solid phase extraction to clean up the sample before injecting it into the instrument.…”

Pressurized liquid extraction of glucosinolates from Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz by-products: Process optimization and biological activities of green extract

“…GLSs composition and concentration vary based on species, variety, environment conditions, plant age. ( Fahey et al, 2023 , Mithen, n.d. , Ram Bhandari et al, 2015 , Pagliari et al, 2022a ). Recent studies have associated GLSs with several health benefits such as antioxidant (direct and indirect), anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cholinesterase inhibitory, anti-tumor, and cardiovascular disease preventive properties ( Maina et al, 2020 , Sánchez-Pujante et al, 2017 ).…”

“…Under the optimized extraction conditions, the developed PLE method was compared with conventional methods such as ISO and USAE ( Pagliari et al, 2022a ) showing better efficiency, with a reduction of time and solvent consumption. Finally, the biological activities of the GLSs identified in PC, which are still poorly known, were investigated using in silico and in vitro assays to identify their potential beneficial activity for human health.…”