Optimization of two step karanja biodiesel synthesis under microwave irradiation

Venkatesh, Kamath H.; Iyyaswami, Regupathi; Saidutta, M. B.

doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.09.003

Cited by 79 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Indeed further research is to be carried out on Pongamia to standardize agro-technology, low cost and efficient mechanical device to expel oil, to find out the economics, high yielding and high oil content varieties suitable to the different agro- climates of India [18][19][20][21][22]. The addition of variable reactants in the transesterification showed significant recovery of biodiesel at a specific temperature indicates the appropriateness in the protocol for achieving the optimum production of biodiesel [20,21,23,24]. In addition, Pongamia sps.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Biodiesel Derived from Crude Oil of Pongamia sps. Grown in Tumkur District, India

Murthy¹,

Kumar²

2018

Asian J. Chem.

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INTRODUCTIONThe methyl or ethyl esters of fatty acid are derived from the both edible and non-edible vegetable oils followed by animal fats which are termed as biodiesel. The chief sources for obtaining biodiesel particularly in India are categorized as non-edible oils of plant species such as Pongamia sps., Jatropha curcas (Ratanjyot), Calophyllum inophyllum (Nag-champa) followed by rubber yielding tree called Hevea brasiliensis, respectively. The biodiesel basically comprising of no petroleum constituents, even though it can be subjected for blending with petroleum diesel at any level to produce variable blends of biodiesel with petroleum diesel or in some instance, the biodiesel can be used in its pure form to serve the purpose [1][2][3][4].There is a significant reduction of unburnt hydrocarbons like carbon monoxide, particulate matters followed by nitrogen oxide in the existing internal combustion engine system fuelled Pongamia is non-edible oil which contains several toxic and unsaponifiable components. The presence of these multifarious compositions makes the oil unsuitable for human consumption. However, Pongamia has high oil content (~ 40 %) and can grow on malnourished soils with low levels of nitrogen and high levels of salt, which prompts in becoming the focus of a number of biodiesel research programs. Generally, the oil is contaminated with high free fatty acids (FFAs) depending upon the moisture content in the seed during collection as well as oil expression. In addition, several advantages of Pongamia over other food crops are higher recovery and quality of oil than other crops. As a legume, it is also able to fix its own nitrogen from the soil and atmosphere minimising the need for added fertilisers. Interestingly, Pongamia tree with characteristic seeds containing promising oils and fatty acids suitable for biodiesel production. However, keeping these value-added points, in the current study, the base line survey was under taken to assess the pongamia cultivation in the study area. The seeds were collected from the village farmers during interaction and separated the seeds from pods using a suitable decorticator. Then, the seeds were subjected for oil extraction with a specific prototype of oil expeller and characterized physico-chemically. Further, the crude oil was subjected for transesterification using methanol and NaOH as a catalyst. The reaction mixture was varied in trials with respect to variable time and temperature. Ultimately, the conversion from oil to ester was found to be significant and the yield of biodiesel from high free fatty acid Karanja oil by this approach has been observed to be 96.6-97.8 %. The optimized production was achieved about 97.8% using a 4.8:1 molar ratio of oil with methanol at 90 ºC. Later, the obtained esterified oil (biodiesel) was subjected for physicochemical characterization and compared with ASTM biodiesel standards. In conclusion, the pongamia esterified oil found to be most significant with respect to its optimized biodiesel production which can be re...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Biodiesel Derived from Crude Oil of Pongamia sps. Grown in Tumkur District, India

Murthy¹,

Kumar²

2018

Asian J. Chem.

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“…One of the biggest problems with batch production is waste a great deal of time due to stopping the machines and equipment and then cleaned and prepped to use again. Another problem is the need for large size of vessel [25,26]. However, reaction vessels cannot be very large for biodiesel production by microwave irradiation due to limitation of penetration of microwave irradiation and safety [24,27].…”

Section: Res Dev Materials Scimentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature Assessment and Process Optimization of Alkali Catalyzed Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using Microwave Flow System

Nayebzadeh¹

2017

RDMS

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The utilization of non-edible/waste oils and microwave heating system are expected to reduce the cost of biodiesel and contribute to reducing global food demand. In this study, the continuous biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) by the use of a microwave flow system has been investigated. The utilization of WCO as a biodiesel feedstock is expected to minimize the industrial biodiesel production. A household microwave was modified as a biodiesel reactor for continuous transesterification. The effect of transesterification reaction parameters such as methanol/WCO molar ratio (3:1, 6:1 and 9:1), quantity of the catalyst (0.5%, 0.75%, 1% and 1.5%in weight of KOH) and flow rate of reactant (6, 10.5 and 14.5ml/ min) in various microwave output power (360, 450, 540, 630 and 720 watts) on the biodiesel yield has been evaluated. Results showed that WCO can be converted to biodiesel (96.53%) within 4min under methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, 0.75 wt. % catalyst, 6ml/min flow rate in 450W microwave output power. Moreover, the results explained that the high yield can be obtained when the reaction temperature is in the range of 40-45 °C. Microwave assisted continuous transesterification process is simple, practical, time-saving and no requirement to pretreatment of feedstock, offering alternative production method to produce biodiesel according to European Union draft standards.

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“…Pongamia pinnata is often planted in homesteads as an ornamental tree and in avenue plantings, roadsides, streams and canal banks [8]. However the large amounts of flowers, leaves and pods that it regularly sheds make it not very suitable for this purpose.…”

Section: Ornamentalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pongamia as a Source of Biodiesel in India

Dwivedi¹,

Jain²,

Sharma³

2011

SGRE

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Optimization of two step karanja biodiesel synthesis under microwave irradiation

Cited by 79 publications

References 18 publications

Characterization of Biodiesel Derived from Crude Oil of Pongamia sps. Grown in Tumkur District, India

Characterization of Biodiesel Derived from Crude Oil of Pongamia sps. Grown in Tumkur District, India

Temperature Assessment and Process Optimization of Alkali Catalyzed Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using Microwave Flow System

Pongamia as a Source of Biodiesel in India

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