Optimization of the pyrolysis process of empty fruit bunch (EFB) in a fixed-bed reactor through a central composite design (CCD)

Mohamed, Alina Rahayu; Hamzah, Zainab; Daud, Mohamed Zulkali Mohamed

doi:10.1063/1.4887756

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…A standard RSM analysis in conjunction with one factor design was used to develop experimental runs. In single factor experiments, ANOVA models are used to compare the mean response values at different levels of the factor [16]. Each level of the factor is investigated to see if the response is significantly different from the response at other levels of the factor.…”

Section: Response Surface Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Temperature on Calorific Value of Pyrolyzed Empty Fruit Bunch (Efb) Derived Biochar

Rashid¹,

Zaini²

2021

J Ear Environ Sci Res

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The residues from the oil palm industry are the main contributors to biomass waste in Malaysia, and these wastes require extra attention with respect to handling. A survey of the literature indicates that most of them are handled with unsatisfactory practices that negatively impact the environment. Therefore, it is very important that they be utilized for more beneficial purposes, particularly in the context of the development of biofuels via pyrolysis technology. Due to its high carbon content, rich in lignin and low cost, empty fruit bunch (EFB) shows potential to be a good precursor for the production of biochar. The pyrolysis temperature greatly affects biochar properties and its potential usage. Many researches work on biochar have been carried out to assess its potential by investigating its characteristics. The most common thermochemical technique to produce biochar is pyrolysis, during which the organic components are decomposed at adjustable temperature in a nitrogen-limited atmosphere. The focus of this study is to identify the effect of temperature (300, 350, 400, 450 and 500 °C) on calorific value of pyrolyzed EFB derived biochar. Eight experimental runs were conducted. The results were completely analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The model was statistically significant. The factor studied which temperature was significant with p-values < 0.0001. The value of R2 was 0.9633 which indicated that the temperature showed high correlation to the calorific value of biochar from EFB pyrolysis process. A quadratic model equation was developed and employed to predict the highest theoretical calorific value. The maximum biochar calorific value was achieved at pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C. Char yield was obtained highest at 300°C around 53.36 wt% and started to decrease as temperature increase. Result of this experiment revealed that the calorific value of biochar increases as the temperature increases while the yield percentage of biochar decreases as the temperature increases. The yield of biochar decreases with temperature because of the secondary tar reactions of the volatiles, such as thermal cracking, that favors the increase of gas yield.

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Section: Response Surface Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Temperature on Calorific Value of Pyrolyzed Empty Fruit Bunch (Efb) Derived Biochar

Rashid¹,

Zaini²

2021

J Ear Environ Sci Res

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“…Oil palm empty fruit bunches were gathered in Surat Thani, Southern Thailand, for usage as a raw material in this study. The activated carbon was made in the following processes: the raw materials were crushed and sieved into tiny sizes ranging from 1.0 to 2.0 mm and then pyrolyzed in a fixed bed reactor with flowing N 2 at 450 °C for 1.5 hours, yielding biochar (hereafter named EFB) [12,13]. The biochar was soaked in a phosphoric acid solution with a biochar/H 3 PO 4 impregnation ratio of 1 : 1.75 (wt%) and periodic stirring [14].…”

Section: Adsorbent Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) onto Activated Carbon from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Prepared by Two-Step Acid Treatment and Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis

Somsiripan,

Sangwichien,

Tohdee

et al. 2023

Adsorption Science & Technology

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This study explores the feasibility of biochar-based activated carbon derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) as a potential precursor for the preparation of activated carbon via 2-step H3PO4 activation under microwave-assisted pyrolysis (2ACEFB). The characterization of EFB and 2ACEFB was observed by FTIR and BET, and chemical composition was determined using proximate and elemental analysis data. The adsorptive removal of Cu(II) and Zn(II) from an aqueous solution was studied, and the effects of metal concentration and solution pH were also investigated. The pseudo-second-order equation was properly described, providing the best fit to the observed experimental data. The adsorption capacities of Cu(II) and Zn(II) onto the EFB were 20.28 and 18.06 mg/g, respectively, and improved by 2.04- and 1.89-fold onto the 2ACEFB. The potential of 2ACEFB was also proved by adsorbent reusability with five consecutive circles of the batch experiment without regeneration or treatment. This study demonstrated that 2ACEFB is an efficient adsorbent for eliminating heavy metals from aqueous solutions.

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“…The second category is bio-oil characterization and compound analysis [42][43][44][45]. The third category covers the conversion process, experimental design and optimization, including optimal design of reactors to achieve a high production yield, design of experiments, Taguchi Method and other methodologies involved in optimizing the reactors [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]. The fourth category covers bio-oil upgrading for fuel applications [56,57].…”

Section: Type Of Biomass Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Major References Method of bio-oil conversion [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] Chemical compound analysis [42][43][44][45] Optimization of process design and parameters [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56] Upgrading of bio-oil [57,58] Energy and environment [30,[59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68] 2. Conversion of Oil Palm EFB to Bio-Oil: Principles and Processes…”

Section: Categorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are many methods to optimize the parameters. Thermochemical process can be optimized through experimental design methods namely response surface method, design of experiment, Taguchi method, numerical, stochastic and simulations [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]56]. The optimization of process parameters such as pyrolysis temperature, biomass particle size and holding time using ANOVA and Central Composite Design (CCD) are examples of commonly used methods that have been reported to improve the yield of bio-oil.…”

Section: Pyrolysis Parameters and Their Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comprehensive Review on Biofuels from Oil Palm Empty Bunch (EFB): Current Status, Potential, Barriers and Way Forward

2021

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Biomass is an important renewable energy resource which primarily contributes to heating and cooling end use sectors. It is also a promising alternative source of biofuels to replace the depleting supply of fossil fuels. Surprisingly, few writers have been able to draw on the feedstock significance for oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) as the biomass resource for biofuels compared to the other types of biomass waste. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive review of EFB as a biomass resource presented in four major parts. First, the introduction covers the demand for bio-oil and describes the different kinds of feedstock, the relevance and potential of EFB biomass. Second, the characteristics of biomass are explained before it is upgraded as biofuel, drawing similarities and contrasts between EFB and other sources of biomass. Pyrolysis processes and reactors used for EFB conversion are described, and the factors affecting the bio-oil yield and quality are discussed. Major reactor parameters are summarized and reactor optimization is discussed. Third, comparison on the properties of the bio-oil vs. petroleum in transportation, power generation, and heating are compared followed by prioritizing the bio-oil properties from the most to least critical, revealing the most promising methods for upgrading. Fourth, the environmental impact, including CO2 emission, of the use of EFB as a promising renewable energy resource and a cleaner alternative fuel is recommended. This paper has comprehensively reviewed the conversion of oil palm empty fruit bunches into biofuels, including the similarities and differences between biomasses, the best reactors, its comparison with fossil fuels, and bio-oil upgrading methods. The upgrading mapping matrix is created to present the best upgrading strategies for the optimum quality of biofuels. This paper serves as a one-stop center for EFB conversion into biofuels.

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Optimization of the pyrolysis process of empty fruit bunch (EFB) in a fixed-bed reactor through a central composite design (CCD)

Cited by 13 publications

References 19 publications

Effect of Temperature on Calorific Value of Pyrolyzed Empty Fruit Bunch (Efb) Derived Biochar

Effect of Temperature on Calorific Value of Pyrolyzed Empty Fruit Bunch (Efb) Derived Biochar

Adsorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) onto Activated Carbon from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Prepared by Two-Step Acid Treatment and Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis

A Comprehensive Review on Biofuels from Oil Palm Empty Bunch (EFB): Current Status, Potential, Barriers and Way Forward

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