“…On the other hand, some studies attribute to the cis isomer a higher bioavailability (Schieber & Carle, 2005). However, a lower temperature of 60°C gives the highest yields for trans-lycopene (Kassama, Shi, & Mittal, 2008;Nobre, Palavra, Pessoa, & Mendes, 2009) which the authors postulate is due to promotion of isomerisation into the cis form at temperatures above 80°C (Wang & Chen, 2006). Temperatures below 70°C seem to favour the extraction of β-carotene with most authors reporting that temperatures between 55 and 59°C are optimal (Sanal, Güvenç, Salgin, Mehmetoglu, & Çalimli, 2004;Vega et al, 1996).…”