Optimization of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Saussurea costus Oil and Its Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Activities

Abstract

Saussurea costus is a medicinal plant with different bioactive compounds that have an essential role in biomedicine applications, especially in Arab nations. However, traditional extraction methods for oils can lead to the loss of some volatile and non-volatile oils. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of oils from S. costus at pressures (10, 20, and 48 MPa). The results were investigated by GC/MS analysis. MTT, DPPH, and agar diffusion methods assessed the extracted oils’ anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial action. GC/MS results showed that elevated pressure from 10 to 20 and 48 MPa led to the loss of some valuable compounds. In addition, the best IC50 values were recorded at 10 MPa on HCT, MCF-7, and HepG-2 cells at about 0.44, 0.46, and 0.74 μg/mL, respectively. In contrast, at 20 MPa, the IC50 values were about 2.33, 6.59, and 19.0 μg/mL, respectively, on HCT, MCF-7, and HepG-2 cells, followed by 48 MPa, about 36.02, 59.5, and 96.9 μg/mL. The oil extract at a pressure of 10 MPa contained much more of á-elemene, dihydro-à-ionone, patchoulene, á-maaliene, à-selinene, (-)-spathulenol, cedran-diol, 8S,13, elemol, eremanthin, á-guaiene, eudesmol, ç-gurjunenepoxide-(2), iso-velleral, and propanedioic acid and had a higher antioxidant activity (IC50 14.4 μg/mL) more than the oil extract at 20 and 48 MPa. In addition, the inhibitory activity of all extracts was higher than gentamicin against all tested bacteria. One of the more significant findings from this study is low pressure in SFE enhancement, the extraction of oils from S. costus, for the first time. As a result, the SFE is regarded as a good extraction technique since it is both quick and ecologically friendly. Furthermore, SFE at 10 MPa increased the production and quality of oils, with high antioxidant activity and a positive effect on cancer cells and pathogens.

GC-MS Analysis, Antibacterial, and Anticancer Activities of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Methanolic Extract: In Vitro and In Silico Studies

“…Cells were left to attach for 24 h until confluence, after which they were supplied with the plant extract at concentrations ranging from 500 to 15.63 µg/mL and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. The fresh medium was then added, and after 4 h at 37 °C, 100 µL of MTT solution (5 mg/mL) was applied. Using a microplate reader, absorbance was found at 570 nm [ 37 , 38 ].…”

Prevention of DMBA-induced Mammary Tumors from Pulmonary Metastases by Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsc Root Ethanolic Extract in Sprague Dawley Rats

“…In a previous study, conducted by Okubo et al (Okubo et al, 2021) have documented the reduced HepG2 cells viability treated with methanolic extract of S. costus roots. In AGS (a human gastric adenocarcinoma cell-line), S. costus was reported to upregulate the expression of p53 and p21 (Ko et al, 2004) cells, but little cytotoxicity was seen in human normal larynx epithelial HBE cells (Zhang et al, 2020).According to Ahmed et al (2022), S. costus oil had antineoplastic effects on MCF-7 (Breast carcinoma cells), HCT (colon carcinoma cells) and HepG-2 (liver carcinoma cells) cells. S. costus extract triggered apoptosis in man hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), colorectal adenocarcinoma (HCT116) and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells by increasing the expression of Bax and by diminishing Bcl-2 and caspase-3 expressions (Shati et al, 2020).…”

Antimicrobial Activity and Multi-therapeutic Potential of Salvia officinalis and Mentha longifolia Essential Oils in Leaves

“…Through the use of an inverted microscope, the plates were viewed, and a video CCD camera was used to take pictures (Zeiss, Berlin, Germany). 26,27…”