Optimization of Start-up Fuel Management for OTTO Cycle Pebble Bed Reactor

Abstract

Fuel management of once-through-then-out (OTTO) cycle Pebble Bed Reactors (PBR) was studied, in particular the start-up condition of the core before it achieves the equilibrium condition. Optimum and simple fuel management performance in the start-up condition is important for the practical deployment of PBR. There is no option for fuel re-insertion in an OTTO cycle PBR, hence nuclear fuel utilization is an important factor not only in the equilibrium condition but also in the start-up condition. The purpose of the study was to find an optimum procedure to improve burnup performance of fuel management in startup of the OTTO cycle PBR. Initial Heavy Metal (HM) loading in the core, power density, and multiplication factors were the main parameters investigated. The target of the analysis was a small sized 10MW PBR. A newly developed code system for OTTO cycle PBR was used. The code system is capable of performing neutron transport and depletion calculations of the OTTO cycle PBR covering whole of its fuel management scheme from initial loading to equilibrium condition. In this study, fuel composition in the start-up condition was limited to the same composition (a single enrichment) as the fuel in equilibrium condition for simplicity of the whole fuel management. The equilibrium condition of the PBR was investigated first. Based on the equilibrium condition two start-up fuel management schemes, a mixed and top-bottom scheme, were investigated. It was found that mixed scheme is better compare to top bottom scheme in achieving efficient HM-loading. Mixed scheme also gave a lower maximum power density. For the chosen target equilibrium design with 10wt% enrichment and 12g-HM/pebble the minimum initial HM-loading using mixed and top-bottom scheme was 97.1 kg and 161.9 kg, respectively. While the maximum power density at that minimum initial loading was 4.5 W/cm 3 and 4.9 W/cm 3 , respectively.

Preliminary Neutronic Design of High Burnup OTTO Cycle Pebble Bed Reactor

“…In the 4 g and 5 g HM-loading designs, the effect of low fissile inventory is stronger than the moderation level improvement, hence the equilibrium k eff decreases as HM-loading decreases. This effect is not always the case; the effect of the HM-loading to the equilibrium k eff depend on whether the design is overor under-moderated [20]. The results show that the current design which achieves high burnup using 4 g and 5 g HM loading is an over-moderated design.…”

“…Cylindrical r-z geometry used in the calculation to model the PBR core. In the figure, dN/dS is the change of the nuclide density along the fuel pebble path [20].…”

Studi Awal Desain Pebble Bed Reactor Berbasis HTR-Pm Dengan Skema Resirkulasi Bahan Bakar Once-Through-Then-Out

“…Untuk tipe PBR, pengoperasian dapat lebih disederhanakan lagi dengan menerapkan skema pengisian bahan bakar once-throughthen-out (OTTO) dimana bahan bakar pebble hanya akan melewati teras reaktor sekali. Konsep resirkulasi OTTO sejak awal memang hadir untuk memberikan sistem reaktor nuklir yang lebih sederhana, diantaranya dengan menghilangkan perangkat untuk pengukuran fraksi bakar juga untuk resirkulasi bahan bakar kembali ke teras [4,5]. Konsep PBR dengan skema OTTO ini berbeda dengan skema pengisian bahan bakar yang umumnya diterapkan pada desain PBR saat ini, termasuk HTR-PM yang menerapkan skema resirkulasi bahan bakar multi-pass dimana bahan bakar pebble akan diresirkulasi kembali ke dalam teras hingga 15 kali.…”

“…Konsep PBR dengan skema OTTO ini berbeda dengan skema pengisian bahan bakar yang umumnya diterapkan pada desain PBR saat ini, termasuk HTR-PM yang menerapkan skema resirkulasi bahan bakar multi-pass dimana bahan bakar pebble akan diresirkulasi kembali ke dalam teras hingga 15 kali. Kendala dalam menerapkan skema OTTO adalah adanya puncak rapat daya pada bagian atas teras yang dapat menyebabkan batas-batas keselamatan tidak dapat terpenuhi [5,6]. Sebelumnya telah dilakukan penelitian untuk melihat dampak dari berbagai skema pengisian bahan bakar dengan membagi teras kedalam beberapa zona fraksi bakar secara radial [7].…”