Optimization of sol-gel synthesis parameters in the preparation of N-doped TiO 2 using surface response methodology

Kassahun, Shimelis Kebede; Kiflie, Zebene; Shin, Dong Woo; Park, Sam Sik; Jung, Won Young; Chung, Young Ryun

doi:10.1007/s10971-017-4322-2

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Some controversy can be found regarding this characterization. In fact, the shift of typical peaks to the lower or higher values may be a sign of N incorporation in the TiO 2 lattice [8,31,69,74,75].…”

Section: Effect Of Nitrogen Incorporationmentioning

confidence: 99%

N–TiO2 Photocatalysts: A Review of Their Characteristics and Capacity for Emerging Contaminants Removal

Gomes

Lincho

Domingues

et al. 2019

Water

124

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Titanium dioxide is the most used photocatalyst in wastewater treatment; its semiconductor capacity allows the indirect production of reactive oxidative species. The main drawback of the application of TiO2 is related to its high band-gap energy. The nonmetal that is most often used as the doping element is nitrogen, which is due to its capacity to reduce the band-gap energy at low preparation costs. There are multiple and assorted methods of preparation. The main advantages and disadvantages of a wide range of preparation methods were discussed in this paper. Different sources of N were also analyzed, and their individual impact on the characteristics of N–TiO2 was assessed. The core of this paper was focused on the large spectrum of analytical techniques to detect modifications in the TiO2 structure from the incorporation of N. The effect of N–TiO2 co-doping was also analyzed, as well as the main characteristics that are relevant to the performance of the catalyst, such as its particle size, surface area, quantum size effect, crystalline phases, and the hydrophilicity of the catalyst surface. Powder is the most used form of N–TiO2, but the economic benefits and applications involving continuous reactors were also analyzed with supported N–TiO2. Moreover, the degradation of contaminants emerging from water and wastewater using N–TiO2 and co-doped TiO2 was also discussed.

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Section: Effect Of Nitrogen Incorporationmentioning

confidence: 99%

N–TiO2 Photocatalysts: A Review of Their Characteristics and Capacity for Emerging Contaminants Removal

Gomes

Lincho

Domingues

et al. 2019

Water

124

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Metal dopants include Au, Ag, Co, Fe, Ni, Pt, and Zn [9,10]. Non-metal doping is established through similar theories, except that in substitutional doping O 2− atoms are substituted by a non-metal dopant, and non-metal doping of TiO 2 also has a promising effect in expanding the photocatalytic activity to the visible light region of the spectrum [10,22]. Common non-metal dopants include B, C, F, I, N, and S [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The optimization of the degradation of organic pollutants in an actual confectionery wastewater was performed using single-variable studies [4,[27][28][29][30][31]. However, it is difficult to predict the optimum reaction conditions from previous results owing to the possible interactions between different independent variables involved in the photocatalytic reactions [10,17,22,30]. Statistical programs come in handy to help establish a design of experiment (DOE) using response surface methodology (RSM) to develop a mathematical function relating the response with various predictors, and to obtain optimum conditions that maximizes the desired results under high desirability [8,32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Statistical programs come in handy to help establish a design of experiment (DOE) using response surface methodology (RSM) to develop a mathematical function relating the response with various predictors, and to obtain optimum conditions that maximizes the desired results under high desirability [8,32]. Furthermore, the central composited design (CCD) and Box-Behnken design (BBD) are both effective RSM designs to generate a second-order response surface model in the optimization of the photocatalytic treatment process [8,10,17,22,32]. The BBD is preferred when parameters are limited to three levels [8,10,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the central composited design (CCD) and Box-Behnken design (BBD) are both effective RSM designs to generate a second-order response surface model in the optimization of the photocatalytic treatment process [8,10,17,22,32]. The BBD is preferred when parameters are limited to three levels [8,10,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Photocatalytic Treatment of An Actual Confectionery Wastewater Using Ag/TiO2/Fe2O3: Optimization of Photocatalytic Reactions Using Surface Response Methodology

Lin

Mehrvar

2018

Catalysts

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Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) photocatalysis is one of the most commonly studied advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for the mineralization of deleterious and recalcitrant compounds present in wastewater as it is stable, inexpensive, and effective. Out of all, doping with metal and non-metals, and the heterojunction with another semiconductor were proven to be efficient methods in enhancing the degradation of organic pollutants under ultraviolet (UV) and visible light. However, complex degradation processes in the treatment of an actual wastewater are difficult to model and optimize. In the present study, the application of a modified photocatalyst, Ag/TiO 2 /Fe 2 O 3 , for the degradation of an actual confectionery wastewater was investigated. Factorial studies and statistical design of experiments using the Box-Behnken method along with response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to identify the individual and cross-factor effects of independent parameters, including light wavelength (nm), photocatalyst concentration (g/L), initial pH, and initial total organic carbon (TOC) concentration (g/L). The maximum TOC removal at optimum conditions of light wavelength (254 nm), pH (4.68), photocatalyst dosage (480 mg/L), and initial TOC concentration (11,126.5 mg/L) was determined through the numerical optimization method (9.78%) and validated with experimental data (9.42%). Finally, the first-order rate constant with respect to TOC was found to be 0.0005 min −1 with a residual value of 0.998.

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Facile low temperature immobilization of N-doped TiO2 prepared by sol–gel method

Kassahun

Kiflie

Shin

et al. 2017

J Sol-Gel Sci Technol

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Optimization of sol-gel synthesis parameters in the preparation of N-doped TiO 2 using surface response methodology

Cited by 18 publications

References 54 publications

N–TiO2 Photocatalysts: A Review of Their Characteristics and Capacity for Emerging Contaminants Removal

N–TiO2 Photocatalysts: A Review of Their Characteristics and Capacity for Emerging Contaminants Removal

Photocatalytic Treatment of An Actual Confectionery Wastewater Using Ag/TiO2/Fe2O3: Optimization of Photocatalytic Reactions Using Surface Response Methodology

Facile low temperature immobilization of N-doped TiO2 prepared by sol–gel method

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