Optimization of Sizing and Battery Cycle Life in Battery/Ultracapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicle Applications

Shen, Junfei; Düşmez, Serkan; Khaligh, Alireza

doi:10.1109/tii.2014.2334233

Cited by 345 publications

(169 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Realizing the benefits of the methods proposed here will require the implementation of additional control algorithms in the vehicle. Nevertheless, this will be more cost effective than any alternatives such as using advanced insulation technologies and over-sizing the battery [72] which need to be applied to the whole fleet while the issue only affects the subset of the fleet that operate in hot climate conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Performance Attributes of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Hot Climates through Key-Off Battery Cooling

et al. 2017

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Ambient conditions can have a significant impact on the average and maximum temperature of the battery of electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Given the sensitivity of the ageing mechanisms of typical battery cells to temperature, a significant variability in battery lifetime has been reported with geographical location. In addition, high battery temperature and the associated cooling requirements can cause poor passenger thermal comfort, while extreme battery temperatures can negatively impact the power output of the battery, limiting the available electric traction torque. Avoiding such issues requires enabling battery cooling even when the vehicle is parked and not plugged in (key-off), but the associated extra energy requirements make applying key-off cooling a non-trivial decision. In this paper, a representative plug-in parallel hybrid electric vehicle model is used to simulate a typical 24-h duty cycle to quantify the impact of hot ambient conditions on three performance attributes of the vehicle: the battery lifetime, passenger thermal comfort and fuel economy. Key-off cooling is defined as an optimal control problem in view of the duty cycle of the vehicle. The problem is then solved using the dynamic programming method. Controlling key-off cooling through this method leads to significant improvements in the battery lifetime, while benefiting the fuel economy and thermal comfort attributes. To further improve the battery lifetime, partial charging of the battery is considered. An algorithm is developed that determines the optimum combination of key-off cooling and the level of battery charge. Simulation results confirm the benefits of the proposed method.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Performance Attributes of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Hot Climates through Key-Off Battery Cooling

et al. 2017

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“…In a heavily hybridized HEV, the ICE is small, and the electric propulsion subsystem power share is considerable [6]. Therefore, the complete coverage for peak power demands by the UC leadsto a major reduction in the battery size, which justices the increased UC sizing and cost [7].…”

Section: Fig 12 Scheme I Topologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Control Strategy for Hybrid Energy Storage System with a Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for EV application

Kama¹,

S.K²

2017

International Journal of Innovative Research in Electrical, Ele

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Abstract:With the emerging technologies in the field of Energy Storage System Development, the interest for the development of Electric Vehicle (EV's) is growing for future road transportation.In this paper the Battery plus Ultracapacitor (UC) Hybrid Energy Storage System(HESS)with an energy management control strategy is proposed. The proposed control strategy optimizes the energy consumption, improves vehicle performance and prolongs the battery lifetime for different vehicle Drive cycles.The proposed HESS topology incorporates the bidirectional DC-DC converter and a complimentary switch pair for interconnection of energy sources and interconnection with vehicle traction drive. The proposed HESS interconnected with BLDC motor and the control strategy is implemented for the acceleration and braking conditions of the vehicle. The DC-DC converter is of small size and itis used for sharing the energy between Battery and Ultracapacitor. It also balances the energy levels of the two sources based on the vehicle drive cycles. And the complimentary switch pair swaps the vehicle load between the two sources based on the vehicle driving condition for optimum energy consumption. The Ultracapacitor contributes to the rapid energy recovery associated with regenerative braking and rapid energy consumption associated with vehicle acceleration. This power system allows the acceleration and deceleration of the vehicle with minimal loss of energy and minimizes the stress on the main batteries by reducing high power demands away from the batteries.The objective of the control strategy developed is to provide uninterrupted and adequate power from HESS to the vehicle motor drive unit for all drive cycles of vehicle. The control logic considers the Battery Voltage, Ultracapacitor Voltage and vehicle speed in order to provide a smooth control, reliable and efficient energy sharing between HESS and vehicle motor drive unit. The Battery SOC and open circuit voltage(OCV) are important parameters for ascertaining battery life because fully charged batteries do not accept any current and hence, under this condition, the Ultracapacitor should be available discharged (that means no more than 15-20 % of its full capacity) to store the energy generated due to regenerative braking at high speeds. By contrast, if the battery state of charge is poor, the ultracapacitor should be available fully charged (that means more than 90 %of its full capacity) to power the traction motor for sudden acceleration.To achieve this requirement both the sources are interconnected through a bidirectional DC-DC Converter which is controlled by the speed of the vehicle.And thus the UC voltage is maintained at required level based on the vehicle speed by sharing the energy between Battery and UC for different drive cycles of the vehicle.

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“…The basic idea behind their hybridization is the use of ultra-capacitors as assistant energy storage devices suitable for capturing the regenerative braking energy and delivering the peak power for acceleration. A proper sizing of the hybrid battery/ultra-capacitor ESS (HESS) is important for the improvement of energy efficiency and battery lifetime [3]. There are mainly three different types of HESS: passive, semi-active, and fully active topologies [12].…”

Section: Energy Storage For Evsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High-power density is also required to capture the regenerative braking energy and to deliver the peak power during acceleration. Sometimes, an ultra-capacitor device in parallel with the battery is used to form a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) [3,4]. Because the ultra-capacitor and the battery are two energy resources with different dynamics, features, and specifications, their integration needs an effective energy management strategy realized by an embedded system, to provide optimal performance [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

E-transportation: the role of embedded systems in electric energy transfer from grid to vehicle

Baronti

Chow

et al. 2016

J Embedded Systems

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Electric vehicles (EVs) are a promising solution to reduce the transportation dependency on oil, as well as the environmental concerns. Realization of E-transportation relies on providing electrical energy to the EVs in an effective way. Energy storage system (ESS) technologies, including batteries and ultra-capacitors, have been significantly improved in terms of stored energy and power. Beside technology advancements, a battery management system is necessary to enhance safety, reliability and efficiency of the battery. Moreover, charging infrastructure is crucial to transfer electrical energy from the grid to the EV in an effective and reliable way. Every aspect of E-transportation is permeated by the presence of an intelligent hardware platform, which is embedded in the vehicle components, provided with the proper interfaces to address the communication, control and sensing needs. This embedded system controls the power electronics devices, negotiates with the partners in multi-agent scenarios, and performs fundamental tasks such as power flow control and battery management. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the open challenges in E-transportation and to show the fundamental role played by embedded systems. The conclusion is that transportation electrification cannot fully be realized without the inclusion of the recent advancements in embedded systems.

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Optimization of Sizing and Battery Cycle Life in Battery/Ultracapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicle Applications

Cited by 345 publications

References 25 publications

Improving the Performance Attributes of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Hot Climates through Key-Off Battery Cooling

Improving the Performance Attributes of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Hot Climates through Key-Off Battery Cooling

A New Control Strategy for Hybrid Energy Storage System with a Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for EV application

E-transportation: the role of embedded systems in electric energy transfer from grid to vehicle

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