Optimization of process conditions for preparation of activated carbon from waste Salix psammophila and its adsorption behavior on fluoroquinolone antibiotics

Abstract

Salix psammophila (SP), a solid waste abundantly available, was applied as a precursor to prepare the activated carbon by chemical activation method using phosphoric acid (HPO). Response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the prepared conditions of activated carbon. The effects of concentration of HPO, activation temperature and activation time on the adsorption performance (expressed by the adsorption capacity of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) and norfloxacin (NOR)) were investigated. The optimum conditions were obtained using HPO concentration of 67.83%, activation temperature of 567.44 °C and activation time of 86.61 min. The optimum activated carbon (SPAC) was characterized with scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The adsorption behavior of CIP and NOR on SPAC was carried out and the mechanisms for the adsorption process were proposed. The equilibrium data were fitted by the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models, which resulted in 251.9 mg/g and 366.9 mg/g of the maximum monolayer adsorption for CIP and NOR at 25 °C, respectively. The best fitted kinetic model was pseudo-second-order, implying that chemisorption dominated in the adsorption process. This study indicated that activated carbon based on Salix psammophila (SPAC) was an excellent adsorbent for removing fluoroquinolone antibiotics from aqueous solutions.

The structure and self-regeneration performance of Salix psammophila-activated carbon modified by Ag and N co-doped TiO2

“…As the reaction continued, the C-O groups on catechol and hydroquinone were oxidized to generate C]O. 8 The reaction formulas are shown in eqn (3)- (5). Therefore, the C-C content of nAg-mN-TiO 2 -AC was lowest.…”

“… 4 Because of its allometric characteristics, it must be cut down at intervals of 3 to 5 years. 5 Therefore, the available SP resources are great. Preparation of AC using SP as a raw material is a promising process for improving SP utilization and decreasing the cost of AC.…”

Gemifloxacin removal from aqueous solution by rice‐straw based activated carbon: Batch adsorption and thermal regeneration

“…Activated carbon as one of the significant commercial adsorbents has not been studied for the removal of GMF. However, carbonaceous adsorbents of different origins have been used for the adsorption of other fluoroquinolone antibiotics; for example, the use of biochar‐derived porous carbon sheets for the exceptional adsorption of levofloxacin, 12 an amine‐functionalized bamboo‐based magnetic activated carbon for the adsorption of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin in both batch and fixed‐bed modes, 13 and Salix psammophila‐based activated carbon for the adsorption of norfloxacin 14 . Ding et al showed that activated carbon removed fluoroquinolones more effectively than ozone and biological treatment such as membrane bioreactor, anaerobic‐anoxic‐oxic, and biofilter 15 …”

Adsorption/desorption performance of Pb2+ and Cd2+ with super adsorption capacity of PASP/CMS hydrogel

“…Salix psammophila (SPP) is a renewable resource in nature, which can grow in saline-alkali land, has the characteristics of strong regeneration and wide source, and has been paid attention by most researchers (Liu et al 2018;Hao & Li 2019). There are cellulose and lignin in SPP, and hydroxyl group is the main active ingredient.…”