Optimization of pressure-less microwave sintering of Ti6Al4V by response surface methodology

Singh, Dilpreet; Pandey, Pulak M.; Kalyanasundaram, Dinesh

doi:10.1080/10426914.2018.1476765

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…This observation reversed at a higher St. As seen in Figure 7, APS increased with the increase in Ht and Hr. At higher heating rates, the powder particles weld instantly with each other without allowing the formation of wider necks, thereby locking the air pockets and resulting in a higher APS [20]. In the SEM micrographs shown in Figure 3, no recast zones were noticed on the surfaces of the particles corresponding to the temperature at 950 • C (Figure 3(a1,a2)).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Microwave Sintering of Ti6Al4V: Optimization of Processing Parameters for Maximal Tensile Strength and Minimal Pore Size

Singh

Rana

Sharma

et al. 2018

Metals

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Pressureless sintering is a powder metallurgical process wherein the powder particles are sintered without the aid of any compressive force. Though this additive manufacturing process is economical, the strength of the component is undermined due to the presence of pores; the elimination of which is a challenge. In this work, the optimal process parameters for the pressureless microwave sintering of a grade 5 titanium alloy that yields higher tensile strength and minimum sizes of pores were obtained. The three process parameters (sintering temperature, heating rate, and holding time) were experimented at five different levels using the design of experiments (DOE). Post sintering, the tensile strength was assessed as per ASTM standard B925-15, while the pore size was evaluated, non-destructively, using micro-computed tomography (μ-CT). The optimal process parameters that yielded minimum size pores were: sintering temperature—1293 °C, heating rate— 6.65 C/minute; and holding time—72 min.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Microwave Sintering of Ti6Al4V: Optimization of Processing Parameters for Maximal Tensile Strength and Minimal Pore Size

Singh

Rana

Sharma

et al. 2018

Metals

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“…Sintering of Ti6Al4V has been widely investigated in pressureless and pressure‐assisted powder metallurgy routes . Figure shows a visual summary of the commonly used sintering techniques in the processing of Ti6Al4V prealloyed powders.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sintering of Ti6Al4V has been widely investigated in pressureless and pressure-assisted powder metallurgy routes. [8][9][10]15,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] Figure 5 shows a visual summary of the commonly used sintering techniques in the processing of Ti6Al4V prealloyed powders. Among two common sintering regimes for the densification of the alloy (1) and (2), this work outlines the emergence of a third regime (3) denominated as a "processing gap" (<800 C).…”

Section: Significance Of Low-temperature Sintering Of Ti6al4vmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultralow Temperature Densification of a Titanium Alloy by Spark Plasma Sintering

et al. 2020

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Full densification of a Ti alloy (Ti6Al4V) is achieved at unprecedented low temperatures of 650 °C and 555 MPa by spark plasma sintering (SPS) without any sintering aid. The alloy demonstrates a globular equiaxed microstructure with comparable mechanical properties as that sintered at conventional high temperatures (950 °C, 60 MPa). In contrast with the diffusion‐driven sintering of the Ti alloy at conventional SPS conditions, the near‐full densification (99%) attained at low‐temperature/high‐pressure regimes is attributed to plastic deformation‐driven mass transport processes. Sintering pressures of 555 MPa result in a dislocation dense microstructure and the activation of compressive twins imparting lattice strains of up to 2.86 × 10−3, suggesting a 25% increase in lattice distortions as compared with those sintered at moderate pressures of 60 MPa. Depth‐sensing nanoscale indentation reveals the globular microstructure of the high‐pressure‐sintered alloy to retain its elastic modulus and hardness of 138 and 4.8 GPa, respectively, with <2% deviation from those sintered at conventional SPS temperatures. This energy‐efficient technique proposes an alternative to thermally exhaustive routines and presents an advantage for engineering titanium‐matrix composites with nanofillers and controlled reaction products by reducing processing temperatures by up to 300 °C.

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“…The diffusion process was occurred between the loose spherical particles due to high surface energy. 25,26 After sintering time, the furnace was rested to cool down to room temperature with 100 ℃/h rate. Further, samples were removed from the crucible and cleaned in acetone using ultrasonication process for 30 min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neck growth kinetics during ultrasonic-assisted sintering of copper powder

Singh

Pandey

2020

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

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The present paper presents an investigation of the neck growth kinetics during ultrasonic-assisted sintering of the loose spherical copper particles. The study was performed to identify the sintering mechanism during the initial stage sintering of the copper powder. The classical sphere-to-sphere approach was used to determine the neck growth between the particles at four different sintering temperatures 700, 800, 900 and 950 ℃ at different soaking time of 60, 180, 300, 600, and 900 s. The neck growth exponent was found to be 6.21, 4.92, 5.26 and 5.13 for different sintering temperatures, respectively, which signified the involvement of surface and volume diffusion mechanism during the initial stage sintering of copper particles with ultrasonic vibration assistance. The neck growth calculation was attempted to compare with conventional sintering. The evidence of the local heating between the particles was evolved from the activation energy calculations, which was found to be lower than the conventional sintering. An attempt was made to develop a numerical model for the prediction of neck growth by considering the rise in temperature due to friction between the particles owing to ultrasonic vibrations at different sintering temperature and soaking time. The model was obtained to be in-line with the trend of the experimental results.

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Optimization of pressure-less microwave sintering of Ti6Al4V by response surface methodology

Cited by 19 publications

References 27 publications

Microwave Sintering of Ti6Al4V: Optimization of Processing Parameters for Maximal Tensile Strength and Minimal Pore Size

Microwave Sintering of Ti6Al4V: Optimization of Processing Parameters for Maximal Tensile Strength and Minimal Pore Size

Ultralow Temperature Densification of a Titanium Alloy by Spark Plasma Sintering

Neck growth kinetics during ultrasonic-assisted sintering of copper powder

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