Optimization of Power Efficient Spatial Division Multiplexed Submarine Cables Using Adaptive Transponders and Machine Learning

Ionescu, Maria; Renaudier, Jérémie; Ghazisaeidi, Amirhossein; Leroy, Arnaud; Courtois, Olivier Le

doi:10.1109/jlt.2022.3140859

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The top-AIR gain with respect to the standard all-GFF case is 9.5% at 0.3dB GFF excess loss, and decreases to 4% at zero excess loss. The no-GFF block could have been better optimized by allowing the last EDFA of the block which precedes the GFF to have length and pump power possibly larger than the remaining EDFAs, akin to the extra EDFA at the GFF considered in [3]. However, we find that preceding the GFF with an EDFA identical to the others is always a very reasonable choice, almost to optimal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Throughout this paper, for the purpose of simple AIR comparisons among different systems, we assume a constant input power (CIP) transmission (TX), where all 40 WDM channels have the same TX power P c . Although the works in [1], [3] consider also an optimized, non-flat WDM distribution, it was shown in [5] that for GFF submarine links the CIP distribution (around the optimal EDFAs inversion) has AIR very close to Capacity, i.e., the AIR maximum over all possible input WDM distributions subject to the constraint on x 1 . Thus the CIP distribution is more than appropriate for comparing the no-GFF to the GFF systems.…”

Section: Gff Versus No-gff Blocks In Isolationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To highlight the importance of selecting the correct EDFA length, Fig. 9 shows, for the case including NLI, and for block sizes N b = [1,3], the top-AIR and PE versus P p curves at both the optimized ℓ =5.3m (same as in Fig. 8) and those for a sub-optimal length ℓ = 6.3m.…”

Section: Sparse-gff Linksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…T he recent advent of rate-adaptive, capacity-approaching transceivers for power-constrained submarine systems has renewed the interest in revisiting the design of the line erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA). In this context, there were reports based on machine-learning, where better power efficiency (i.e., capacity at EDFA fixed pump power) was achieved by partially removing the usual gain flattening filters (GFF) [1]- [3]. Recent experimental work also used a partial removal of GFFs [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 4. AIR (Tb/s) vs. Pc (dBm) for blocks of length[3,5,7,9,12] spans, 40 WDM CIP channels, pump Pp = 25mW, span loss A = 16.5dB, EDFA length ℓ=8.3m. no NLI.…”

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confidence: 99%

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On Sparse Gain Flattening in Pump-Constrained Submarine Links

Bononi

Serena

Lasagni

et al. 2022

J. Lightwave Technol.

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Having in mind the capacity optimization of powerconstrained submarine links, by following the work in [1] we first compare the achievable information rate (AIR) of gainflattened and un-flattened blocks of N b ≤ 12 spans with span loss 16.5dB and with end-span single-stage co-pumped erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) when the transmitted wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) channels all have the same transmitted power. All EDFAs have the same pump power and the same physical parameters. In the flattened case, each EDFA is followed by an ideal gain-flattening filter (GFF) that chops off the EDFA gain exceeding the span loss. No GFFs are used in the unflattended case. We show that, for block length N b > 7, at large-enough input power the AIR of the GFF block exceeds that of the no-GFF block, while for N b ≤ 7 at large input power the AIR is about the same. We next build a long submarine link by concatenating the N b -span no-GFF blocks, and placing a GFF at the last EDFA of each block in order to flatten the block gain down to the N b -span loss, and calculate the AIR of the resulting sparse-GFF submarine link, accounting also for nonlinear interference. For the 287-span case-study link with span loss 9.5dB used in [5], [9], we show that the best power efficiency is achieved by blocks of size N b = 6 (i.e., one GFF every 6 spans) when the pump is around 12 mW. When the GFF excess loss is 0.3dB the top-AIR gain over the standard all GFF system is 9.5%, a value that decreases to 4% when the excess loss is zero. Considering that modern submarine-grade GFFs have almost zero excess loss, and that the most efficient pump power is likely too low to operate with, we conclude that sparse-GFF links offer little advantage in practice over the current design.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Gff Versus No-gff Blocks In Isolationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sparse-gff Linksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 4. AIR (Tb/s) vs. Pc (dBm) for blocks of length[3,5,7,9,12] spans, 40 WDM CIP channels, pump Pp = 25mW, span loss A = 16.5dB, EDFA length ℓ=8.3m. no NLI.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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On Sparse Gain Flattening in Pump-Constrained Submarine Links

Bononi

Serena

Lasagni

et al. 2022

J. Lightwave Technol.

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Investigation of crosstalk and BER in multicore fiber optic transmission link for Space Division Multiplexing

Vyas

Dixit²,

Tiwari³

et al. 2022

Results in Optics

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The impact of different air gap defects in polypropylene coaxial cables on electric field distortion

Li,

Yang,

Zhang

et al. 2024

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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The internal cable will have different air gaps due to various physical influences, and partial discharge caused by air gap defects is the main cause of cable insulation aging. To avoid serious consequences caused by air gap defects, it is crucial to analyze the extent of the impact of early-stage air gaps on the electric field in the cable. In this paper, COMSOL Multiphysics software is used to build a three-dimensional model of the cable, and the insulation material is polypropylene. Different positions and sizes of air gap defects are designed in the model. The electric field distribution inside the cable is obtained through the finite element algorithm, and the degrees of distortion of the electric field under different air gap sizes, positions, and shapes are compared. The results show that the size of the air gap affects the change in the electric field. Air gaps closer to the copper core position produce greater electric field distortion. Additionally, air gaps with larger curvature also result in greater electric field distortion. Based on the conclusion of this study, the influence degree caused by different air gap defects can be determined and provide a basis for the analysis of such faults.

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Optimization of Power Efficient Spatial Division Multiplexed Submarine Cables Using Adaptive Transponders and Machine Learning

Cited by 4 publications

References 28 publications

On Sparse Gain Flattening in Pump-Constrained Submarine Links

On Sparse Gain Flattening in Pump-Constrained Submarine Links

Investigation of crosstalk and BER in multicore fiber optic transmission link for Space Division Multiplexing

The impact of different air gap defects in polypropylene coaxial cables on electric field distortion

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