Optimization of oleic-estolide fatty acid synthesis using response surface methodology and artificial neural networks

Sanap, Prasad; Sonawane, Deepak D.; Patil, Sunita; Pratap, Amit P.

doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115711

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The estolide formation method can be also used in the modification of vegetable oil. Chemical modification in the form of estolide synthesis from oleic acid can lead to increased oxidative and hydrolytic stability and better cold flow properties [68]. Estolides were synthesized and showed similar tribological performance to epoxidized Jatropha oil [69].…”

Section: Estolide Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Chemical Modification of Vegetable Oils and Their Applications

Zeng,

Shang,

Zheng

et al. 2024

Lubricants

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In order to cope with the shortage of non-renewable energy and the increasingly environmental pollution, sustainable vegetable oils, as competitive alternatives, have widely been held in the good graces of the researchers. Vegetable oils are suitable for a wide range of applications such as biofuels and biodiesel. However, the development of vegetable oils is limited due to the characteristics of unsatisfactory oxidation stability and poor cold-flow properties. Chemical modification is considered as an effective solution to enhance the performance. The research progress of the chemical modification methods and applications of vegetable oils in recent years are summarized in this review. Reducing the content of carbon–carbon double bonds and increasing the degree of saturation are the keys to improve the physicochemical properties of vegetable oils. The prospects for the development direction and challenges of vegetable oils are proposed. Future research may focus on the use of multifunctional catalysts to optimize reaction conditions or to introduce active groups with lubricating properties in epoxidation reactions and explore the combination of chemical and auxiliary methods.

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Section: Estolide Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Chemical Modification of Vegetable Oils and Their Applications

Zeng,

Shang,

Zheng

et al. 2024

Lubricants

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“…Still, transesterifications have limited effect on the cold-flow properties and oxidative stability of vegetable oil. Due to this, reacting of the double bonds is often included as part of bio-based lubricant synthesis [5][6][7][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. The bio-based lubricants and related materials are used to some extent in almost every application [5][6][7]24,35,36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, some estolides were successfully commercialized as lubricants [24]. Even though some estolide products are superior to petroleum products, problems exist in their wide adoption, so research on improving their synthesis and properties continues [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. While some estolides have excellent cold-flow properties, other estolides do not [26], which highlights the need to find an optimum structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold-Flow Properties of Estolides: The Older (D97 and D2500) versus the Mini-(D5773 and D5949) Methods

Bantchev,

Ngo,

Chen

et al. 2024

Lubricants

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There is growing research on developing new and sustainable lubricants. Sustainable lubricants with adequate cold-flow properties are of particular interest for many applications. One limitation of the established methods for measuring cold flow properties is the large volume needed to test samples. This makes initial screening of many hard-to-synthesize samples difficult. In the current study, we compared the results of the older, widely accepted ASTM methods D97 (pour point, PP) and D2500 (cloud point, CP) to the newer, smaller-volume, and easier-to-perform methods D5949 and D5773 for bio-based base oils (estolides and iso-estolides). The CP results were in good agreement for less colored samples, but D5773 gave lower values for some darker (Gardner color >8) samples, especially esters. The D5949 showed a tendency to report slightly higher PP, especially for the lower values. Viscosities and densities in a wide temperature range (15 to 120 °C) were also measured. The surface tensions were estimated by a literature group method. Viscosity and density effects can only partially explain the differences in the PP values from the two methods. In conclusion, the newer mini-methods are an acceptable substitution when larger volumes are not accessible, unless the sample is too dark.

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