Optimization of microwave carbothermal reduction for processing of banded hematite jasper ore

Rayapudi, Veeranjaneyulu; Agrawal, Shrey; Dhawan, Nikhil

doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2019.05.004

Cited by 26 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Several other authors showed that by altering the conventional pyro-and hydrometallurgical processing routes, low-cost methods of mineral processing could be identified to refine and reduce such banded ores. 285,286 Among the various pyro-and hydrometallurgical processing methods, several authors studied the effectiveness of methods such as magnetizing roasting, direct reduction, pyrometallurgical pretreatments on nonferrous ores, such as sulfidizing roasting, roast-flotation, segregation process, and matte separation processing, as well as hydrometallurgical pretreatments to extract valuable metal values by applying the leachprecipitation-flotation method and ion flotation. Interestingly, similar combined methods of chemical metallurgy and mineral processing were also applied to solid waste materials, such as nonferrous slags, smelter flue dusts and anode slimes.…”

Section: Banded Ironmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several reduction experiments reported in the literature, using different reductants, yielded mostly limited iron enrichment, except for microwave carbothermal reduction, which yielded an enriched iron concentrate with 58% iron at 85.6% recovery rate. Several other authors showed that by altering the conventional pyro- and hydrometallurgical processing routes, low-cost methods of mineral processing could be identified to refine and reduce such banded ores. , …”

Section: Feedstock For Sustainable Metal Production: Minerals Metals ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Materials Science behind Sustainable Metals and Alloys

Raabe

2023

Chem. Rev.

100

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Production of metals stands for 40% of all industrial greenhouse gas emissions, 10% of the global energy consumption, 3.2 billion tonnes of minerals mined, and several billion tonnes of by-products every year. Therefore, metals must become more sustainable. A circular economy model does not work, because market demand exceeds the available scrap currently by about two-thirds. Even under optimal conditions, at least one-third of the metals will also in the future come from primary production, creating huge emissions. Although the influence of metals on global warming has been discussed with respect to mitigation strategies and socio-economic factors, the fundamental materials science to make the metallurgical sector more sustainable has been less addressed. This may be attributed to the fact that the field of sustainable metals describes a global challenge, but not yet a homogeneous research field. However, the sheer magnitude of this challenge and its huge environmental effects, caused by more than 2 billion tonnes of metals produced every year, make its sustainability an essential research topic not only from a technological point of view but also from a basic materials research perspective. Therefore, this paper aims to identify and discuss the most pressing scientific bottleneck questions and key mechanisms, considering metal synthesis from primary (minerals), secondary (scrap), and tertiary (re-mined) sources as well as the energy-intensive downstream processing. Focus is placed on materials science aspects, particularly on those that help reduce CO2 emissions, and less on process engineering or economy. The paper does not describe the devastating influence of metal-related greenhouse gas emissions on climate, but scientific approaches how to solve this problem, through research that can render metallurgy fossil-free. The content is considering only direct measures to metallurgical sustainability (production) and not indirect measures that materials leverage through their properties (strength, weight, longevity, functionality).

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Section: Banded Ironmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Feedstock For Sustainable Metal Production: Minerals Metals ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Materials Science behind Sustainable Metals and Alloys

Raabe

2023

Chem. Rev.

100

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…To overcome these limits, the use of microwave energy in materials processing has been studied for nearly sixty years [2][3][4], addressing the possible selective, rapid and volumetric heating offered by this technique. Researchers in the last few decades started suggesting microwave heating as an alternative way for rapid and uniform heating of pellets [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Microwave and Induction Heating Applicator for Metal Making: Design and Testing

Colombini

Papalia²,

Barozzi³

et al. 2020

Metals

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The use of microwave heating in primary metallurgy is gaining an increasing interest due to the possibility to selectively process ores and to volumetrically heat large amounts of low-thermal conductivity minerals. In this paper the study, development and testing of a new applicator combining the use of microwave and induction heating for rapid reduction of metal containing oxides is described. Numerical simulation was used in order to achieve the proper control over heat generation, considering the use of microwave solid state generators. A prototype, with a capacity up to 5 liters of standard input feed but with the predisposition for continuous processing has been designed, built and tested on reference loads like iron oxide powders and pellets. Results on the microwave heating part of the applicator indicate that it allows to efficiently and rapidly process these kinds of loads, which change from dielectric to conductors as reduction proceeds. The use of variable frequency solid state microwave generators allows to maximize energy efficiency and to controllably change the heating pattern inside the load.

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Emerging Processes for Sustainable Li‐Ion Battery Cathode Recycling

Bhattacharyya,

Roy,

Vajtai

2024

Small

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The colossal growth in the use of Li‐ion batteries (LiBs) has raised serious concerns over the supply chain of strategic minerals, e.g., Co, Ni, and Li, that make up the cathode active materials (CAM). Recycling spent LiBs is an important step toward sustainability that can establish a circular economy by effectively tackling large amounts of e‐waste while ensuring an unhindered supply of critical minerals. Among the various methods of LiB recycling available, pyro‐ and hydrometallurgy have been utilized in the industry owing to their ease of operation and high efficiency, although they are associated with significant environmental concerns. Direct recycling, a more recent concept that aims to relithiate spent LiBs without disrupting the lattice structure of the CAMs, has been realized only in the laboratory scale so far and further optimization is required before it can be extended to the bulk scale. Additionally, significant progress has been made in the areas of hydrometallurgy in terms of using ecofriendly green lixiviants and alternate sources of energy, e.g., microwave and electrochemical, that makes the recycling processes more efficient and sustainable. In this review, the latest developments in LiB recycling are discussed that have focused on environmental and economic viability, as well as process intensification. These include deep eutectic solvent based recycling, electrochemical and microwave‐assisted recycling, and various types of direct recycling.

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Optimization of microwave carbothermal reduction for processing of banded hematite jasper ore

Cited by 26 publications

References 22 publications

The Materials Science behind Sustainable Metals and Alloys

The Materials Science behind Sustainable Metals and Alloys

A Novel Microwave and Induction Heating Applicator for Metal Making: Design and Testing

Emerging Processes for Sustainable Li‐Ion Battery Cathode Recycling

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