Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction for the Determination of Organic Flame Retardants in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene

Otake, Takamitsu; Itoh, Nobuyasu; Ohata, Masaki; Hanari, Nobuyasu

doi:10.1080/00032719.2015.1027898

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…T laboratory scale, precise identification and quantification of flame retardants can be rather burdensome compared to simple infrared spectra, especially with the need of appropriate extraction (Guzzonato et al, 2016a;Otake et al, 2015;Schlummer et al, 2005;Vilaplana et al, 2008). However, Puype et al (Puype et al, 2019) recently showed that Direct Analysis in Real Time -High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (DART-HRMS) was adequate to rapidly and accurately identify brominated FR at laboratory scale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations of plastics spectra in MIR and the potential impacts on identification towards recycling

Signoret

Caro-Bretelle

Lopez‐Cuesta

et al. 2020

Resources, Conservation and Recycling

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Plastic recycling is mainly limited by their sorting as their natures, forms and formulation are very numerous and most of them are strongly incompatible, leading to poor mechanical properties. Several industrial sorting technologies exist, and others are in development. However, each of them has drawbacks. Especially, NIR-HSI (Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imagery) is limited by the use of carbon black, mainly as a pigment and UV agent in the case of thermoplastics. MIR-HSI (Mid-Infrared) could be a suitable and viable alternative to resolve this issue. Hence, this work, based on laboratory FTIR-ATR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection), focuses on possible sources of spectral alteration, which could impair identification of usual polymers using industrial MIR-HSI. It aims to help simple and rapid laboratory characterization and give tools to avoid misidentification or enable specific segregation during industrial sorting. First, acquisition parameters were degraded to simulate those imposed by industrial conditions: short acquisition time, diminished resolution and blank defaults. Then, impact on formulations of usual WEEE (Waste of Electric and Electrical Equipment) plastics were evaluated, with PE, PP, ABS and HIPS as matrices, and carbon black (at different concentrations), calcite, talc, titanium oxide and some flame retardants as additives. Several patterns found in homemade standard samples were recognized within a stock of about one hundred of real waste samples.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations of plastics spectra in MIR and the potential impacts on identification towards recycling

Signoret

Caro-Bretelle

Lopez‐Cuesta

et al. 2020

Resources, Conservation and Recycling

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“…6 months. 13,14,[17][18][19] On the other hand, another question came out if the plastic disks were exposed to a harder environment such as a higher temperature. It is well known that X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry is expected to be useful for direct and speedy analysis of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment [20][21][22][23] and also described in the IEC 62321 as a screening method with respect to RoHS directive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Long-time Heating for Elements from Flame Retardants in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene and Polycarbonate Resin Disks

et al. 2018

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The effect of long-time heating for elements from flame retardants (FRs) such as dechlorane plus (DP), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) and antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) in both acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC) resin disks was examined in the present study. The heating temperature by a drying oven was 80 C, which was expected to be a harder environment than that of usual dump site to discard electric and electronic equipment, and the long-time heating was carried out for up to 722 days. As a result, the increases for both ether (C-O-C) and ketone (C=O) groups and the decrease of C=C double bond as well as methylene group (=CH2) were found for an ABS resin disk by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, which was expected to result in an increase of mass of the disk up to ca. 4% due to oxidation during the long-time heating. The changes in concentrations for bromine (Br), chlorine (Cl), phosphorous (P) and Sb, which were originated elements from FRs contained, were also evaluated by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometry and the decreases in concentrations of ca. 5% in ABS resin disk were observed which could be almost explained by increasing ca. 4% mass of the disk. On the contrary, the mass and chemical form of a PC resin disk as well as the concentrations of elements contained did not change during the long-time heating. From these results, it could be considered that most of the elements from DP, TBBPA, TPhP and Sb2O3 contained as FRs in the ABS and PC resin disks examined in the present study were not lost during the long-time heating, even though the color, shape, mass and chemical form of ABS resin disk were changed.

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Development of plastic disks containing flame retardants for elucidating changes in their concentrations due to simulated weathering and the application of these disks to weathering tests

Hanari

Otake

Itoh

et al. 2017

Environ Monit Assess

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Flame retardants (FRs) are useful because they can prevent combustion and delay the spread of fire after the ignition on commercial products containing plastics. However, such commercial products could be a primary source of environmental contamination with FRs. Plastic disks containing FRs were prepared to elucidate changes in the concentrations of the FRs after weathering tests. Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC) resin were separately kneaded with a combination of three organic FRs [Dechlorane plus (DP), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP)] and one inorganic FR [antimony trioxide (SbO)]. The concentrations of TBBPA/TPhP and DP/SbO in the final preparations were respectively 1000 and 500 mg/kg in compliance with the RoHS directive on organobromine FR. The concentrations of elements in the final preparations were 300 mg/kg for chlorine, 600 mg/kg for bromine, 100 mg/kg for phosphorus, and 400 mg/kg for antimony, respectively. The analytical concentrations (three FRs and four elements) were consistent with the expected concentrations (maximum difference -9.5% in the PC disks). The FRs and elements in the disks were sufficiently homogenous (maximum inhomogeneity 4.3% in the PC disks). The prepared disks were subjected to weathering tests; the concentrations of TBBPA in the disks decreased significantly (30 to 40%) whereas the concentrations of the elements did not change under the condition of this study. On the other hand, there were no drastic differences on relationships of FRs and elements such as DP/chlorine and TPhP/phosphorus.

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Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction for the Determination of Organic Flame Retardants in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene

Cited by 5 publications

References 19 publications

Alterations of plastics spectra in MIR and the potential impacts on identification towards recycling

Alterations of plastics spectra in MIR and the potential impacts on identification towards recycling

Effect of Long-time Heating for Elements from Flame Retardants in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene and Polycarbonate Resin Disks

Development of plastic disks containing flame retardants for elucidating changes in their concentrations due to simulated weathering and the application of these disks to weathering tests

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