Optimization of immunization procedure for SWCNTs‐based subunit vaccine with mannose modification against spring viraemia of carp virus in common carp

Abstract

Immersion vaccination of single-walled carbon nanotubes loaded with mannosemodified glycoprotein (SWCNTs-MG) vaccine has been proved to be effective in preventing spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV). Immunization procedure has immense consequence on the immune effect of the immersion vaccine. However, immunization procedure optimization for SWCNTs-MG vaccine against SVCV has not been reported. In this study, accordingly, a full-factor experiment was designed to optimize the immunization procedure of SWCNTs-MG vaccine by three aspects of vaccine dose (30 mg/L, 40 mg/L and 50 mg/L), immunization density (8 fish L −1 , 24 fish L −1 and 48 fish L −1 ) and immunization time (6, 12 and 24 hr). Furthermore, we used the immunization group (A1B2C1, 30 mg/L, 24 fish L −1 and 6 hr) in the previous study as a positive control (PC) to evaluate the immunization effect optimized conditions from the expression of immune-related genes and relative percentage survival (RPS). At 28 days post-vaccination (DPV), common carps were intraperitoneal injected SVCV challenged test indicated that the A1B2C2 group (30 mg/L, 24 fish L −1 , 12 hr) displayed superiority of protective efficacy compare with other groups and the RPS with 77.9%, which was 15.6% higher than the PC group of RPS with 62.3%.Moreover, the expression of immune-related genes such as IL-10, CD4 and MHC-II was also significantly higher than PC group. The specific experimental flow chart is shown in Figure 1. Conclusively, these results demonstrated that vaccine dose, immunization density and immunization time are 30 mg/L, 24 fish L −1 and 12 hr, which is the more appropriate immunization programme with juvenile carp for SWCNTs-MG vaccine. This study provides a profitable reference for improving the immune efficiency of aquatic immersion vaccine.

A review on the recent advances and application of vaccines against fish pathogens in aquaculture

“…Recently, a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)–based subunit vaccine with mannose-modified glycoprotein was reported to be effective against SVCV in common carp. It displayed improved immune efficiency by immersion vaccination (Gong et al 2021 ). Another promising bacterial ghost–based DNA vaccine was reported to be effective in common carp against SVCV based on Escherichia coli DH5α.…”

A Review of Grass Carp and Related Species Literature on Diet, Behavior, Toxicology, and Physiology Focused on Informing Development of Controls for Invasive Grass Carp Populations in North America

“…This vaccination procedure reduces mortality from 100% (control) to 21.67% during exposure to GCRV-JX02. For common carp, an immersion-administered, antiviral vaccine that is absorbed through the skin has been developed by filling single-walled carbon nanotubes with an antigenic protein [632]. Potential vaccine delivery through Bacillus subtilis spores [633], silkworm pupae [624], and carbon nanotubes as a carrier molecule [634] have been examined for these grass carp reovirus vaccines.…”

Investigation of the Antiviral Mechanism of Curcumin Analog EF-24 against Siniperca cachuatsi Rhabdovirus

“…Wang et al also applied live hirame novirhabdovirus (HIRRV) vaccines under temperature-controlled conditions, aiming to induce protective immunity in flounder [13]. In addition, subunit vaccines against different dominant epitopes of fish rhabdoviruses were also developed in the laboratory [14,15]. However, we should note that until now, no commercially used vaccine is available in aquaculture, considering real multiple-factor water environments, complicated rhabdoviruses-host relationships, and the high cost of vaccines.…”