Optimization of hydroxyapatite (HAp) extraction from scales of Sardinella longiceps and its conjugative effect with immunostimulants

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite [Ca 10 (PO4) 6 (OH) 2 ] (HAp) has been regarded as a bone mineral, which acts as a grafting material due to its similar chemical composition with natural bones. HAp is thermodynamically stable at physiological pH and actively takes part in bone bonding. This property led has lead to HAp being widely used for rapid bone repair. HAp is derived from natural bio wastes such as fish scale which is the most definite standard source of both organic and inorganic constituents like collagen and hydroxyapatite. Titanium biomimetic method with the immersion of Stimulated Body Fluid solution were also used widely used for the precipitation of hydroxyapatite synthetically. Hence scales of Sardinella longiceps and titanium are chosen to be the essential source for the isolation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) in this current study. X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier-Transform Infrared spectrometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy confirms the phase, structural integrity and size of isolated HAp. Biocompatibility and calcium deposit assay with osteoblast cell line demonstrates the non-toxicity and efficiency of calcium deposits by HAp scales rather than synthetically derived Titanium mediated HAp. Hydroxyapatite can be doped with bactericidal silver nitrate and a biopolymer, bioadsorbable chitosan for the controlled release, targeted delivery, and corrosion resistance.

Fish scale inspired structures—a review of materials, manufacturing and models

“…Influence of the environment on the biological cells of the fish scales was revealed The structures of the constituent fibers were revealed Soleidae flatfish [44] XRD, DSC, polarized light microscopy, flow measurement Biochemical and biophysical properties were analyzed Sparus aurata [19,[46][47][48] FTIR, TG-DTA analysis, SDS-PAGE analysis, polarized light microscopy…”

“…This study, like a similar earlier study [45], was concerned with the biomedical application of fish scales from an amino acid perspective. Further studies have also been carried out focusing on the biocompatibility and potential bone regenerative properties of fish scales, such as those of Sparus aurata [19,[46][47][48]. Similarly, fish scales and decalcified scaffolds collected from crisp flesh grass carp were tested using SEM, FTIR, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX or EDS) and tensile testing.…”

In Situ Facile Synthesis of Low-Cost Biogenic Eggshell-Derived Nanohydroxyapatite/Chitosan Biocomposites for Orthopedic Implant Applications

“…During the last two decades, biowaste-derived HAP has been widely studied because of its cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness compared with conventional synthetic procedures. For instance, eggshells [ 14 , 15 ], fish bone [ 16 , 17 ], bovine bone [ 18 , 19 ], and crab shells [ 12 , 20 ] are typical examples that can be utilized for the facile synthesis of biowaste-derived HAP. Unfortunately, however, the high brittleness and the low mechanical strength of bare HAP somewhat restrict its long-term clinical application.…”