Optimization of Hydrogen-Based Shaft Furnace Raw Material Parameters Based on Numerical Simulation and Rist Operation Diagram

A Review on the Modeling and Simulation of Shaft Furnace Hydrogen Metallurgy: A Chemical Engineering Perspective

“…The solid velocity is obtained using continuity and momentum equations (eqs 24 and 25), similar to that for the gas phase (eqs 21 and 22). However, in contrast to the traditional Eulerian-Eulerian method, the gas and solid velocities are solved independently, and the solid viscosity is usually set, for example, at 6 Pa·s while evaluating the solid velocity. − The drag force imposed on the solid phase (i.e., the F D term in eq 22) is neglected in some studies, ,− but not in others. ,,− However, the volume fraction equation is rarely considered. The bed voidage is assumed to be a constant value in the entire computational domain − or specified with a radial distribution .…”

“…The bed voidage is assumed to be a constant value in the entire computational domain − or specified with a radial distribution . Its value is determined based on the assumption of ore diameter, which is usually assumed to have a constant value. − If the ore diameter is assumed to show a distribution, the radial distribution of bed voidage is determined according to the burden distribution obtained by the DEM simulations. , Compared to the plug flow and REDUCTOR models, the Eulerian two-phase model considers the gas and solid phases as continuous phases that are solved by the governing equations. Hence, it is applicable to situations wherein the effects of variable furnace profiles and internal structures on solid flow should be considered.…”

“…The CFD-DEM-based SF model does not commonly consider heat and mass transfer or chemical reactions. The plug flow, ,,− REDUCTOR, ,, and Eulerian two-phase models − have been used to simulate the reduction performance in SFs. The CFD-DEM is advantageous for particle-scale resolution of fluid dynamics and revealing the stress distribution and transmission in packed/moving beds by considering particle–particle interactions.…”

“…Zhang et al elucidated more details about the critical temperature. Several studies have simplified the multi-interface USCM to the three-interface USCM in the entire temperature range. − The USCM is suitable for the cases with weak gas diffusion in iron ore pellets. For example, Φ 2 > 10 3 –10 4 in eq , where the Thiele’s modulus (Φ) is related to the ratio between the kinetic and diffusive resistances.…”

“…For example, Φ 2 > 10 3 –10 4 in eq , where the Thiele’s modulus (Φ) is related to the ratio between the kinetic and diffusive resistances. Nonetheless, the multi- and three-interface USCMs have been commonly used to describe the gas–solid chemical reactions in SFs. ,,− ,− normalΦ 2 = k · r normalp D eff …”