Optimization of Graphene-Based Slot Waveguides for Efficient Modulation

Jiao, Jianyao; Hao, Ran; Zhang, Zheng; Lin, Xiaobin; Qin, Pengfei; Nasidi, Ibrahim; Li, Er‐Ping

doi:10.1109/jstqe.2019.2941469

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…there is no more room in conduction band for more electrons, and the interband transition is inadmissibility, resulting in higher light transmission [39]. In order to calculate the modal properties of this structure precisely, finite element method (commercial softwares-COMSOL Multiphysics) is applied.…”

Section: Design and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Loss Graphene Waveguide Modulator for Mid-Infrared Waves

Huang

Song

2021

IEEE Photonics J.

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Graphene waveguide plays an important role in modulating optical signal. But it is hard to make a tradeoff between low propagating loss and high field confinement. Here, we propose a bilayer graphene waveguide in a thin topas film and a high refractive index material-germanium cladded with thin metallic film. The influences of structural parameter and chemical potential of graphene are studied to optimize the dimension and working mode. Simulation reveals that our structure can make a balance between high figure of merit (FOM) and low propagation loss, and it reaches a high modulation depth of 2.5 dB m . The design can work with FOM over 200, propagation loss lower than 0.2 dB m  , and propagation length beyond 30 m  in a wide band from 6 THz to 18 THz. Compared with previous graphene waveguides, our structure operates from terahertz band to mid-infrared band, and it has longer propagation length due to the existence of bilayer graphene. Besides, benefiting from the thin metallic film, our structure can be integrated on chip.

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Section: Design and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Loss Graphene Waveguide Modulator for Mid-Infrared Waves

Huang

Song

2021

IEEE Photonics J.

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“…In the following part, we give a comprehensive analysis of the enhancement of the light-graphene interaction. For 2D monolayer graphene, only the electric field components that are parallel to its surface contribute to the light absorption in graphene, [42] and thus we define the effective interaction factor (EIF) as the ratio between the integral of the electric field intensity components parallel to the waveguide surface over the graphene region and the integral of the total electric field intensity over the entire simulation region, [43] i.e.,…”

Section: Design and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ME could be further improved by enhancing the light-graphene interaction when using some specific local-field-enhanced structures such as nano-slot waveguides. [43,50] Meanwhile, advancements in the techniques used to transfer graphene also aid in the creation of effective and dependable graphene devices. By using cuttingedge heterogeneous integration techniques, such as wafer-scale growth of 2D materials directly onto target substrates, [51,52] the occurrence of surface defects (like the residual aggregates, contamination, wrinkles, and cracks during the transfer process) is circumvented, thereby greatly preventing the scattering losses.…”

Section: Nonlinear Response Of the Ultra-thin Silicon/graphene Hybrid...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the following part, we give a comprehensive analysis of the enhancement of the light‐graphene interaction. For 2D monolayer graphene, only the electric field components that are parallel to its surface contribute to the light absorption in graphene, [ 42 ] and thus we define the effective interaction factor (EIF) as the ratio between the integral of the electric field intensity components parallel to the waveguide surface over the graphene region and the integral of the total electric field intensity over the entire simulation region, [ 43 ] i.e.,

\begin{equation} \mathrm{EIF}=\left(\frac{\int_{G}{\left|{E}_{\Vert}\right|}^{2}\textit{dG}}{\int_{S}{\left|{E}_{\Vert}\right|}^{2}+{\left|{E}_{\perp}\right|}^{2}\textit{dS}}\right) \end{equation}

where | E ∥ ( x , y )| 2 = | E x | 2 + | E z | 2 and | E ⊥ ( x , y )| 2 = | E y | 2 are the field intensity components parallel and perpendicular to the graphene sheet, respectively, G is the area of the graphene region shown by the red dashed box in Figure 1b,c, and S is the area of the entire simulation region shown by the blue dashed box in Figure 1c. EIF represents the light‐graphene interaction strength, which is proportional to the power of the optical field confined in the graphene region.…”

Section: Design and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

High‐Efficiency All‐Optical Modulator Based on Ultra‐Thin Silicon/Graphene Hybrid Waveguides

Cao,

Ding,

Chen

et al. 2023

Advanced Optical Materials

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All‐optical modulation plays a key role in next‐generation optical processing and has attracted enormous attention worldwide. With extraordinary optoelectronic characteristics and friendly integration compatibility with various nanostructures, graphene shows great potential for ultrafast and energy‐efficient all‐optical modulation. Here, high‐efficiency on‐chip all‐optical modulation is experimentally demonstrated based on ultra‐thin silicon/graphene hybrid waveguides, which are complementary‐metal‐oxide‐semiconductor‐compatible and easy to fabricate. Owing to the enhanced light‐graphene interaction enabled by the ultra‐thin silicon photonic platform, the optical nonlinear absorption in graphene is greatly enhanced and a modulation depth of >2 dB is achieved with a saturation threshold of 0.9 pJ per pulse for a 50‐µm‐long modulator. The measured modulation efficiency is as high as 0.052 dB µm−1. Furthermore, the proposed all‐optical modulator has the potential to operate at a bandwidth of hundreds of gigahertz. The present hybrid integration of graphene on ultra‐thin silicon photonic waveguides paves the way toward the applications of on‐chip ultrafast and energy‐efficient all‐optical information processing.

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“…It is possible to obtain versatile functionalities that go beyond those of a single 2D material, as well as optical modulation with unprecedented high performance [47−51] . In addition, various waveguide structures, such as strip/ridge waveguides [52,53] , slot waveguides [54,55] , photonic crystal waveguides [56,57] , plas-monic waveguides [58,59] , microring resonators (MRRs) [60,61] , and nanobeam cavities [62,63] , have been designed and implemented to enhance light-2D materials interactions. Thus, the combination of functional 2D materials and various waveguide structures could potentially realize high-performance on-chip optical modulation, as illustrated in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waveguide-integrated optical modulators with two-dimensional materials

Chen,

Cao,

et al. 2023

J. Semicond.

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Waveguide-integrated optical modulators are indispensable for on-chip optical interconnects and optical computing. To cope with the ever-increasing amount of data being generated and consumed, ultrafast waveguide-integrated optical modulators with low energy consumption are highly demanded. In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted a lot of attention and have provided tremendous opportunities for the development of high-performance waveguide-integrated optical modulators because of their extraordinary optoelectronic properties and versatile compatibility. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art waveguide-integrated optical modulators with 2D materials, providing researchers with the developing trends in the field and allowing them to identify existing challenges and promising potential solutions. First, the concept and fundamental mechanisms of optical modulation with 2D materials are summarized. Second, a review of waveguide-integrated optical modulators employing electro-optic, all-optic, and thermo-optic effects is provided. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of waveguide-integrated modulators with 2D materials are discussed.

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Optimization of Graphene-Based Slot Waveguides for Efficient Modulation

Cited by 5 publications

References 21 publications

Low-Loss Graphene Waveguide Modulator for Mid-Infrared Waves

Low-Loss Graphene Waveguide Modulator for Mid-Infrared Waves

High‐Efficiency All‐Optical Modulator Based on Ultra‐Thin Silicon/Graphene Hybrid Waveguides

Waveguide-integrated optical modulators with two-dimensional materials

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