“…[206] use RSM based on the Box-Behnken design to investigate the appropriate process parameters in friction stir welding between AA6061-T6 and AA5083 by finding that the better combination is 777 rpm/44 mm/min. Umamaheswarrao [207] identifies the best friction stir welding process parameters for alloys AA6061-AA7075 using a multi-criteria decision-making technique [208], namely the Desirability Function Analysis. In particular, the optimum conditions are a tool rotational speed of 710 rpm, a feed rate of 30 mm/min, and a tilt angle of 2 • .…”
Friction Stir Welding is a suitable solid-state joining technology to connect dissimilar materials. To produce an effective joint, a phase of optimization is required which leads to the definition of process parameters such as pin geometry, tool rotational speed, rotation direction, welding speed, thickness of the sheets or tool tilt angle. The aim of this review is to present a complete and detailed frame of the main process parameters and their effect on the final performance of a friction stir welded joint in terms of mechanical properties and microstructure. Attention was focused in particular on the connection between different aluminum alloys. Moreover, the experimental results were correlated to the development and the applications of tools which can be effectively used in the design of the manufacturing process such as finite element analyses, artificial neural networks, and statistical studies. The review also aims to be a point of reference to identify the best combinations of process parameters based on the dissimilar aluminum to be joined.
“…[206] use RSM based on the Box-Behnken design to investigate the appropriate process parameters in friction stir welding between AA6061-T6 and AA5083 by finding that the better combination is 777 rpm/44 mm/min. Umamaheswarrao [207] identifies the best friction stir welding process parameters for alloys AA6061-AA7075 using a multi-criteria decision-making technique [208], namely the Desirability Function Analysis. In particular, the optimum conditions are a tool rotational speed of 710 rpm, a feed rate of 30 mm/min, and a tilt angle of 2 • .…”
Friction Stir Welding is a suitable solid-state joining technology to connect dissimilar materials. To produce an effective joint, a phase of optimization is required which leads to the definition of process parameters such as pin geometry, tool rotational speed, rotation direction, welding speed, thickness of the sheets or tool tilt angle. The aim of this review is to present a complete and detailed frame of the main process parameters and their effect on the final performance of a friction stir welded joint in terms of mechanical properties and microstructure. Attention was focused in particular on the connection between different aluminum alloys. Moreover, the experimental results were correlated to the development and the applications of tools which can be effectively used in the design of the manufacturing process such as finite element analyses, artificial neural networks, and statistical studies. The review also aims to be a point of reference to identify the best combinations of process parameters based on the dissimilar aluminum to be joined.
“…High value of extrusion speed may lead to defect in the material deposition and voids which will affect the printed specimen strength and quality. The future work is to perform flexural test, impact test of 3D printed specimen and also explore the optimization study [15,16]. The result of experiment from the main effect plot is indicated that high level of tensile strength (42 MPa) with nylon material.…”
Fused deposition Modelling (FDM) is a solid based 3D printing process. In this work, FDM based 3D printing process with three different raw materials and its tensile strength is investigated. Nylon, Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) are used as three raw materials in this work. Tensile specimen is printed using FDM and conducted tensile strength using Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Process parameters considered raw material type, layer thickness and filament extrusion speed. Response parameter considered is tensile strength. Experiments are designed on basis of Taguchi L9 orthogonal array for analysing the performance. The result of experiment is revealed that nylon is most significant parameter affecting the tensile strength. Also, it is noticed that 3D printed tensile specimen strength is influenced with lower value of layer thickness (0.1 mm) and extrusions speed (50 mm/sec). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is performed and the result indicated that layer thickness and material type are shown higher contribution.
“…The strengthening of weld mechanical properties should be based on the hydrogen damage mechanism and proposed targeted enhancement measures. For example, when analyzing the failure mechanism of pipeline welds, considering only single hydrogen damage and neglecting the influence of external loads may not accurately reflect the failure situation of the pipeline in actual working environments [67][68][69]. Comprehensive consideration of the interaction between hydrogen damage and mechanical damage can provide a more accurate and comprehensive evaluation of pipeline safety.…”
Section: Strengthening the Mechanical Properties Of Weld Seam Of Hydr...mentioning
Hydrogen energy represents a crucial pathway towards achieving carbon neutrality and is a pivotal facet of future strategic emerging industries. The safe and efficient transportation of hydrogen is a key link in the entire chain development of the hydrogen energy industry’s “production, storage, and transportation”. Mixing hydrogen into natural gas pipelines for transportation is the potential best way to achieve large-scale, long-distance, safe, and efficient hydrogen transportation. Welds are identified as the vulnerable points in natural gas pipelines, and compatibility between hydrogen-doped natural gas and existing pipeline welds is a critical technical challenge that affects the global-scale transportation of hydrogen energy. Therefore, this article systematically discusses the construction and weld characteristics of hydrogen-doped natural gas pipelines, the research status of hydrogen damage mechanism, and mechanical property strengthening methods of hydrogen-doped natural gas pipeline welds, and points out the future development direction of hydrogen damage mechanism research in hydrogen-doped natural gas pipeline welds. The research results show that: ① Currently, there is a need for comprehensive research on the degradation of mechanical properties in welds made from typical pipe materials on a global scale. It is imperative to systematically elucidate the mechanism of mechanical property degradation due to conventional and hydrogen-induced damage in welds of high-pressure hydrogen-doped natural gas pipelines worldwide. ② The deterioration of mechanical properties in welds of hydrogen-doped natural gas pipelines is influenced by various components, including hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. It is necessary to reveal the mechanism of mechanical property deterioration of pipeline welds under the joint participation of multiple damage mechanisms under multi-component gas conditions. ③ Establishing a fundamental database of mechanical properties for typical pipeline steel materials under hydrogen-doped natural gas conditions globally is imperative, to form a method for strengthening the mechanical properties of typical high-pressure hydrogen-doped natural gas pipeline welds. ④ It is essential to promptly develop relevant standards for hydrogen blending transportation, welding technology, as well as weld evaluation, testing, and repair procedures for natural gas pipelines.
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