Optimization of Extraction of Phlorotannins from the Arctic Fucus vesiculosus Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Their HPLC Profiling with Tandem High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

Phlorotannins are secondary metabolites produced mainly by brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae) and belong to the class of polyphenolic compounds with diverse bioactivities. The key factors in the extraction of polyphenols are the selection of a suitable solvent, method of extraction and selection of optimal conditions. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) is one of the advanced energy-saving methods suitable for the extraction of labile compounds. Methanol, acetone, ethanol and ethyl acetate are the most commonly used solvents for polyphenol extraction. As alternatives to toxic organic solvents, a new class of green solvents, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), has been proposed for the efficient extraction of a wide range of natural compounds including polyphenols. Several NADES were screened previously for the extraction of phlorotannins; however, the extraction conditions were not optimized and chemical profiling of NADES extract was not performed. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of selected extraction parameters on the phlorotannin content in NADES extract from Fucus vesiculosus, optimization of extraction conditions and chemical profiling of phlorotannins in the NADES extract. A fast and green NADES-UAE procedure was developed for the extraction of phlorotannins. Optimization was performed through an experimental design and showed that NADES (lactic acid:choline chloride; 3:1) provides a high yield (137.3 mg phloroglucinol equivalents per g dry weight of algae) of phlorotannins under the following extraction conditions: extraction time 23 min, 30.0% water concentration and 1:12 sample to solvent ratio. The antioxidant activity of the optimized NADES extract was equal to that of EtOH extract. In total, 32 phlorotannins have been identified (one trimer, two tetramers, six pentamers, four hexamers, six heptamers, six octamers and seven nonamers) in NADES extracts from arctic F. vesiculosus using the HPLC-HRMS and MS/MS technique. It was noted that all the above-mentioned phlorotannins were identified in both EtOH and NADES extracts. Our results suggest that NADES could be considered as an alternative to the conventional techniques for the effective extraction of phlorotannins from F. vesiculosus with high antioxidant potential.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Diversity, Structure, Biosynthesis and Extraction of Biologically Active Tannins from Various Plant-Based Materials Using Deep Eutectic Solvents

“…They optimized the process parameters, obtaining results for a water content of 30%, the same as in their previous research, a time of 22.8 min, a solid:liquid ratio of 1:12, and with predicted yield of 140.3 mgPGE/g DW , which was in accordance with their obtained yield of 137.3 mgPGE/g DW (PGE-Phloroglucinol Equivalents). This was a continuation of their research mentioned previously, showing that in this case, a much higher phlorotannin yield was obtained, proving the importance of optimization processes [212].…”

Effect of Seaweed-Derived Fucoidans from Undaria pinnatifida and Fucus vesiculosus on Coagulant, Proteolytic, and Phospholipase A2 Activities of Snake Bothrops jararaca, B. jararacussu, and B. neuwiedi Venom

“…There are approximately 1500 species of brown algae; however, some species of the class Phaeophyceae, such as Ecklonia , Laminaria , Undaria , Fucus , Ascophyllum , and Himanthalia , are perhaps the most studied due to the high content of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, terpenoids, phytosterols, carotenoids, polyphenols, sterols, proteins, and sulfated polysaccharides [ 19 , 20 ]. These compounds have a wide range of pharmacological properties, including anticoagulant, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial [ 21 , 22 , 23 ], and antivenom [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ] activities, as well as ecological functions [ 28 ]. Indeed, seaweed has been used by the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries to promote human health or treat diseases [ 20 , 29 ].…”

Extraction and characterisation of kudzu root residue lignin based on deep eutectic solvents

“…14,15 They are named natural DESs (NADESs) if the HBA is of natural origin. 16 Since NADESs were discovered in 2011, they have been applied to extract certain classes of active compounds, for example, polar and non-polar compounds such as coumarins, 17 glycosides and aglicons of phenyletanes and phenylpropanoids, 16 isoflavones, 18 phlorotannins, 19 polysaccharides, 20 triterpene saponins, 21 carotenoids, and hydrophylic vitamins. 22 The key of DES isolating lignin is hydrogen-bonding interactions, by cleaving both H-bonds and ether bonds in lignocellulose.…”