Optimization of Extraction Conditions of Phytochemical Compounds and Anti‐Gout Activity of Euphorbia hirta L. (Ara Tanah) Using Response Surface Methodology and Liquid Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (LC‐MS) Analysis

Abstract

Gout is a common disease affected most of the people due to the elevation of uric acid in the blood. Flavonoid and phenolic compounds are reported to exert the anti-gout activity of medicinal plants. Hence, this study aimed at optimizing the extraction conditions of phenolic and flavonoid compounds as well as the anti-gout (xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity) in vitro of Euphorbia hirta using response surface methodology (RSM). The plant part used was the whole plant excluding roots. The effects of three independent variables (extraction time, X1; extraction temperature, X2; and solid-to-liquid ratio, X3) on three response variables (total flavonoid content, Y1; total phenolic content, Y2; and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, Y3) were determined using central composite design (CCD) while phytochemical profiling of the extracts was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Quadratic models produced a satisfactory fitting of the experimental data with regard to total flavonoid content (r2 = 0.9407, p<0.0001), total phenolic content (r2 = 0.9383, p<0.0001), and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity (r2 = 0.9794, p<0.0001). The best extraction conditions observed for total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity were at a temperature of 79.07°C for 17.42 min with solid-to-liquid ratio of 1 : 20 g/ml. The optimum values for total flavonoid, total phenolic, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity were 67.56 mg RE/g, 155.21 mg GAE/g, and 91.42%, respectively. The main phytochemical compounds in the optimized E. hirta extract are neochlorogenic acid, quercetin-3β-D-glucoside, syringic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, astragalin, afzelin, and quercetin. As conclusion, this study clearly demonstrated the best conditions to obtain higher xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and phytochemical compounds which can be further used for the development of anti-gout agents.

Phytochemical Constituents and Allelopathic Potential of Parthenium hysterophorus L. in Comparison to Commercial Herbicides to Control Weeds

“…In order to obtain the most sensitive ionization effect for analytes, positive and negative ion modes were investigated at different collision energy (CE) to optimize the signals and obtain maximal structure information from the ions for the mass range of 100–3200 m/z. Data processing was performed by Mass Hunter Qualitative Analysis software and peak identification was carried out based on comparison with literature values and online database [ 61 ].…”

Optimized green extraction conditions of matcha green tea (Camellia sinensis) using central composite design for maximal polyphenol and antioxidant contents

“…At a fixed extraction temperature of 51 °C, as the extraction time decreased and the liquid-to-solid ratio increased, the TFC yield increased. Abu Bakar et al (2020) and Sheng et al (2013) reported the same pattern as the TFC steadily increased as the liquid-to-solid ratio increased. This could be because of the increase in the driving force for the mass transfer of the TFC, which led to the high TFC recorded after the analysis (Liu et al 2010).…”

Optimization of extraction conditions for polyphenols from the stem bark of Funtumia elastica (Funtum) utilizing response surface methodology

“…Single-factor analysis. To determine a suitable range of factors, single-factor analysis was conducted using solvent concentration (20,40,60,80 and 96% v/v), time for extraction (60,120,180,240, and 300 minutes), extraction temperature (25,35,45,55, and 65°C), pH (2.5, 5.5, 7, 9, and 12), and solid-liquid ratio (1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:40, and 1:50 g/mL). One independent variable was varied according to the set range whilst keeping the others constant.…”

“…It is therefore imperative to assess the interaction between the independent variables. One of the appropriate techniques is to use the response surface method (RSM) as a tool to optimize the factors that affect extraction efficacy as well as to obtain maximum recovery of the compounds of interest [23][24][25] . The central-composite-design (CCD) of the response-surface-method is known to be useful for the optimization of extraction parameters of bioactive compounds 26 .…”