Optimization of Energy Consumption in STS Group Cranes by Using Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Based on PSO Algorithm

Ultracapacitors for Port Crane Applications: Sizing and Techno-Economic Analysis

“…In the main substation, two independent 66 kV lines with double bus-bar are recommended in which reliability is enhanced. However, for the mentation of these proposed aims, as a first and main step, it is required to accomplish the cranes' duty cycle operation to reduce the peak power, or regenerative energy flows into the grid from this starting point, thus a flywheel energy storage system (FESS) is proposed [10,11]. An STS crane is able to unload two 40 ft. containers at once, with a cycle that is completed by two independent cranes mounted on the same frame, while sharing a common platform.…”

“…Table 1 shows the dimensions, both in feet and meters, of the considered crane, as well as the expected times in which the crane is expected to execute the task of the cycle. However, for the mentation of these proposed aims, as a first and main step, it is required to accomplish the cranes' duty cycle operation to reduce the peak power, or regenerative energy flows into the grid from this starting point, thus a flywheel energy storage system (FESS) is proposed [10,11].…”

“…branch equal capacitance, 10.5 F, the number of parallel branches and the total number of required UCs are calculated by Equation(11) and the UC bank arrangements in terms of required energy is shown inFigure 10. UC bank sizing in terms of required energy.…”