Optimization of Conditions for Cyanidin-3-OGlucoside (C3G) Nanoliposome Production by Response Surface Methodology and Cellular Uptake Studies in Caco-2 Cells

Abstract

We aimed to optimize the formulation of C3G nanoliposomes using response surface methodology. Additionally, we evaluated the stability, particle change, and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of C3G nanoliposomes under different temperatures and storage durations, as well as in simulated gastrointestinal juice (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid. The morphology of C3G nanoliposomes was observed by transmission electron microscope. The ability of C3G nanoliposomes to affect cancer cell morphology and inhibit cancer cell proliferation was studied with Caco-2 cells. Reverse-phase evaporation method is a simple and efficient method for liposome preparation. The optimal preparation conditions for this method were as follows: C3G concentration of 0.17 mg/mL, phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol ratio of 2.87, and rotary evaporation temperature of 41.41 °C. At optimal conditions, the particle size and EE of the C3G nanoliposomes were 165.78 ± 4.3 nm and 70.43% ± 1.95%, respectively. The C3G nanoliposomes showed an acceptable stability in SGF at 37 °C for 4 h, but were unstable under extended storage durations and high temperatures. Moreover, our results showed that different concentrations of C3G nanoliposomes affected the morphology and inhibited the proliferation of Caco-2 cells.

Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Cyanidin‐3‐O‐Glucoside (C3G) Liposome in Caco‐2 Cells Cultivated in 2D and 3D Cell Culture Models

“…Results shown in Figure present a recorded representative transmission electron microscope image of C3G liposomes. The nanoparticles exhibited spherical shapes, and the size of the C3G liposomes was approximately 200 nm and formed a vesicular structure, which showed a relatively spherical appearance and was similar with the previous studies (Guldiken, Gibis, Boyacioglu, Capanoglu, & Weiss, ; Zhao & Temelli, ), the average diameter of C3G liposomes is 165.78 ± 4.3 nm, the encapsulation efficiency of C3G liposomes is 70.43 ± 1.95%, from our previous study (Liang et al., ).…”

“…C3G liposomes were prepared by a reverse‐phase evaporation method (Liang, Guan, Shen, Xia, & Liu, ). Phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol were dissolved in chloroform‐diethyl ether (W PC :W CH = 2.87:1).…”

Utilizing Liposomal Quercetin and Gallic Acid in Localized Treatment of Vaginal Candida Infections

“…Storage stability of liposomal dispersions is an important aspect to predict the quality of formulations since the leakage of active molecules as well as aggregation should be avoided [62]. We evaluated stability by using entrapment efficiency (Figure 1a No relevant changes in respect to size and PDI were detected for all formulations; moreover, polyphenol-containing liposomes appeared more stable than plain-LP ( Figure 1b).…”

Comparison of antioxidant activity between cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) liposome and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) in 2D and 3D cell cultures

“…The nanoparticles exhibited spherical shapes, and the size of C3G liposomes was approximately 200 nm and formed a vesicular structure. From our previous study 36 ,the average diameter of C3G liposomes is 165.78±4.3nm, the encapsulation efficiency of C3G liposomes is 70.43%±1.95%.…”

“…C3G liposomes were prepared by reverse-phase evaporation method 35 , 36 . Phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol were dissolved in chloroform-diethyl ether(W PC : W CH =2.87:1).…”