Optimization of Color Pigments Removal from Palm Oil by Activated  Ukpor Clay Using Response Surface Methodology

Ajemba, Regina O.; Igbokwe, Philomena K.; Onukwuli, O. D.

doi:10.19026/rjaset.6.4096

Cited by 15 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…It is seen that the three elaborated models present a similarity between the coefficients signs of the different terms (linear, quadratic and multiple), which implies that the bleaching capacity of the bleaching clay at each maximum wavelength varies in the same way (increase or decrease). The examination of these models reveals that the positive values of the coefficient of temperature (X1), clay dosage (X2) and contact time (X3) indicate that an increase in these factors involves an increase in the bleaching capacity, similar results have been found by the following authors (Ajemba et al 2013;Nwabanne et al 2013). However, the clay dosage and the temperature respectively have a more significant effect on bleaching capacity since their coefficients are higher, while the negative values of the other coefficients mainly those of quadratic and multiple terms cause a decrease in the bleaching capacity.…”

Section: The Models Coefficients Sign Interpretationsupporting

confidence: 74%

Modeling of the soybean oil bleaching and optimization of its conditions in the refining process for environmental interest

Henache¹,

Boukerroui²,

Kashi³

2018

Nova Biotechnologica Et Chimica

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In this work, we propose mathematical models describing the soybean oil bleaching process as a function of its parameters (temperature: 80 – 120 °C, clay dosage: 0.25 – 2 %, contact time: 10 – 30 min). The crude soybean oil visible spectrum shows three values of maximum wavelength (λmax). A value at 426 nm corresponding to the chlorophyll-a, the values at 451 and at 479 nm were assigned to β-carotene pigment. The models were developed using multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) and were performed with Matlab programming language. The input variables are the temperature (X1), the clay dosage (X2) and the contact time (X3). The output parameter is the bleaching capacity (Y in % uptake). Statistical analysis methods were used to analyze and to confirm the reliability of the selected models. The optimal bleaching conditions for the soybean oil were: temperature 100 °C; clay dosage 2 % w/w and contact time 30 min. The highest bleaching capacity was found to be 81.04 % at 426 nm, 90.60 % at 451 nm and 93.66 % at 479 nm. The developed models allowed predicting the bleaching capacity representing the removal of the β-carotene and chlorophyll-a pigments present in the crude soybean oil at each λmax. Also they allowed a better control of the most influencing parameters on the bleaching step and contribute to the optimization of the spent bleaching clay rejects by optimizing the amount of bleaching clay used in the refining process; consequently, to reduce risks of pollution.

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Section: The Models Coefficients Sign Interpretationsupporting

confidence: 74%

Modeling of the soybean oil bleaching and optimization of its conditions in the refining process for environmental interest

Henache¹,

Boukerroui²,

Kashi³

2018

Nova Biotechnologica Et Chimica

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“…Response surface methodology (RSM) is a useful model to study the effect of different factors on the response factor (the intended factor) by simultaneously changing them and performing a limited number of experiments (Ajemba et al, 2013). RSM, which is based on polynomial analysis, is a set of mathematical and statistical techniques used to model and analyze issues when the subject under study is affected by several factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of sunflower oil bleaching parameters: using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

et al. 2020

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Bleaching is an important part of the oil refining process, in which pigments, impurities, traces of metals, and oxidative-molecular components of oils are removed. On this regard, the optimization of bleaching conditions can be effective to increase oil quality. On this study, de-gummed and neutralized sunflower oil was bleached at 80, 90, 100, 110, and 120 °C for 15, 25, 35, 45, and 55 min by acid-activated bleaching clay with the concentrations of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, and 1.2% under laboratory conditions. At that point, peroxide, anisidine, plus Totox values, free fatty acid content, Rancimat, and specific UV absorption at 232 and 270 nm were analyzed via the RSM method. The model optimization using the RSM method revealed that the optimal conditions were 37.31 min, temperature 92.7 °C, and clay concentration 1.18%; this circumstance can meet 86.7% of the expectations as could be met for reducing the factors effective for oxidization during bleaching.

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“…6. It was observed that the absorbance and bleaching efficiency generally increased with increase in ANC dosage [24][25][26]4]. This was due to the increase in the surface area of the adsorbent leading to the increase in the pore spaces of the active adsorption site [25].…”

Section: Effect Of Dosage and Contact Time On The Bleaching Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was due to the increase in the surface area of the adsorbent leading to the increase in the pore spaces of the active adsorption site [25]. However, at 4 g the bleaching efficiency remained constant and dropped as the contact time increased and could have been due to the complete adsorption of the color pigments (beta carotene) onto the available active sites of the adsorbent [26]. A maximum dosage of 4.0 g was observed for acid-activated Nibo with percentage color reduction of 86.0% at 40 min.…”

Section: Effect Of Dosage and Contact Time On The Bleaching Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Clay Characterization and Bleaching of Crude Palm Oil Using Acid-Activated Nibo Clay

Nweke

Ajemba

2022

Bioremed Sci Technol Res

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Acid-activated Nibo clay was applied as an adsorbent in the bleaching of crude palm oil. The collected clay sample was activated with hydrochloric acid solution after it was sun-dried and ground. The raw (NC) and activated clay (ANC) samples were characterized using XRF, SEM, and FTIR analyses. The efficiency of the bleaching process was examined by varying the adsorbent dosage, temperature and the contact time. The results of XRF, SEM, and FTIR analyses on NC and ANC showed that the clays were kaolinites with significant changes after activation. The bleaching experiment showed that increase in temperature improved the efficiency of the process. The highest bleaching efficiency of 86% was observed. The pseudo-second-order model best described the adsorption process at 100 °C when compared to correlation coefficient values of the pseudo-first-order, Intra-particle diffusion and Elovich kinetic models. The Temkin isotherm model best fitted the experimental data than the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich models with R2 values of >0.9 at all temperatures. The enthalpy and entropy values were evaluated as 54,943.90 J/mol and 154.6321 J/mol respectively. The enthalpy and entropy values indicated that the adsorption process was endothermic and showed an increase in randomness at the solid/liquid interface. The negative values of the Gibb’s free energy at 363 and 373 K implied that beta carotene adsorption of crude palm oil at these temperatures was spontaneous and feasible. This experimental study showed that acid activated Nibo clay can be applied as an adsorbent for the bleaching of crude palm oil at higher temperatures.

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Optimization of Color Pigments Removal from Palm Oil by Activated Ukpor Clay Using Response Surface Methodology

Cited by 15 publications

References 15 publications

Modeling of the soybean oil bleaching and optimization of its conditions in the refining process for environmental interest

Modeling of the soybean oil bleaching and optimization of its conditions in the refining process for environmental interest

Optimization of sunflower oil bleaching parameters: using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Clay Characterization and Bleaching of Crude Palm Oil Using Acid-Activated Nibo Clay

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