Optimization of carboxymethyl chitosan synthesis using response surface methodology and desirability function

Abstract

In this paper, chitosan was reacted with monochloroacetic acid under alkaline conditions to prepare carboxymethyl chitosan. A 2(3) full-factorial central composite design was applied to evaluate the effect of molar ratio sodium hydroxide (NaOH)/Chitosan (Ch), time and molar ratio monochloroacetic acid (MCA)/Chitosan (Ch) on the reaction yield and on the characteristics of carboxymethyl chitosan such as average degree of substitution (DS¯) and solubility. An optimization strategy based on response surface methodology was used together with the desirability function approach to optimize this process. The occurrence of carboxymethylation was evidenced by FTIR and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The optimum conditions for carboxymethylation process were found to be 12.4, 10.6h and 5 for molar ratio sodium hydroxide (NaOH)/Chitosan (Ch), time and molar ratio monochloroacetic acid (MCA)/Chitosan (Ch), respectively. Under these optimal conditions, it was possible to obtain carboxymethyl chitosan with DS¯ of 1.86 and solubility of 99.6%. X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry analysis showed that crystallinity and thermal stability of derivatives was lower than chitosan and decreased with increase of DS¯.

Artificial Neural Network Modeling to Predict the Non-Linearity in Reaction Conditions of Cholesterol Oxidase from <i>Streptomyces olivaceus</i> <i>MTCC</i> 6820

“…The obtained 2 R value is close to unity which confirms the excellent network performance and indicates that 97.92% variability of the data can be explained by the ANN model while only 2.08% of the total variation is not explained by the model [23]. The MSE and MAPE values determine the scale for prediction accuracy.…”

Chitosan Derivatives and Their Application in Biomedicine

“…The property of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) is related to the DS, where the DS depends on the amount of the carboxylating agent and the molecular weight of chitosan (CSMW). The relationship between the CSMW and the DS is that the DS decreases with the increase of the CSMW [63]. CMCS is active in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields due to its antibacterial properties, which promote wound healing, as well as its lipid-lowering, anti-arteriosclerosis, antiviral, anti-tumor, anti-coagulation, and hypoglycemic effects [51,64].…”

Microwave‐assisted degradation of chitosan with hydrogen peroxide treatment using Box‐Behnken design for enhanced antibacterial activity

“…In a conventional experimental design, a single treatment factor is usually considered at a time while maintaining other variables consistent, which may lead to unreliable results and inaccurate conclusions because it is unable to detect any interactions among the treatment factors and cannot guarantee the optimal conditions (Montgomery, 2013). To overcome these limitations, response surface methodology (RSM) considers simultaneously different treatment factors, which may be applied, and can not only reduce the experimental number and identify the significant treatment conditions, but can also be employed to optimise the treatment processes (Bukzem et al, 2016;Krupa et al, 2016). To optimise process conditions, a statistical method, Box-Behnken design (BBD), is employed to overcome the limitations of classic empirical methods and proves to be a powerful tool for optimising the target value (Kirboga & € Oner, 2017).…”