Optimization of bleaching of Crude Palm oil using Activated Groundnut Hull

Abstract

The bleaching process is a crucial process in palm oil refining in which an adsorbent is majorly used to adsorb the unwanted colour pigments and a wide range of other impurities. Groundnut hull was collected and processed into powder form as Groundnut hull powder [GHP], the powder was used to remove the colour pigments and other minor impurities from crude palm oil. Free fatty acid (FFA) analysis was carried out on the palm oil before and after bleaching. The effects of three factors: temperatures, mass and time were investigated on the response. Central Composite Design [CCD] employed resulted in 20 runs. The conducted analysis has shown that groundnut hull was able to reduce FFA composition as well as reduce the colour of the palm oil to a desired colour.

Optimization of Bleaching Crude Palm Oil with Activated Snail Shell using Central Composite Design [CCD]

“…The ester value was obtained by [19,20], this was done by finding the contrast between the saponification value and acid value.…”

Production of Particleboard from Agricultural Waste - A Sustainable Approach to Waste Management

“…Environmental Pollution generated by solid waste has become a massive source of concern worldwide as the amount of waste being released has become overwhelming [1]. Literature revealed that wastes such as kitchen, organic waste [2][3][4][5], metal, glass, plastic, and paper [6][7][8] can be converted into useful products/materials. These wastes can be categorized based on the degree of hazard they pose to the general human population [9][10][11] which includes radioactive waste material, inflammable material, and also materials that have fatal consequences when exposed to human beings [1].…”