Optimization of biodiesel synthesis from Jatropha curcas oil using kaolin derived zeolite Na–X as a catalyst

Abstract

Zeolite Na–X derived from inexpensive kaolin clay is an effective catalyst (up to 94% yield) for Jatropha curcas oil conversion to biodiesel; Taguchi optimization shows methanol/oil ratio of 10, with 8% catalyst loading at 70 °C for 5 h as optimum.

Hydrothermal synthesis of zeolites using silica extracted from tropical volcanic ash

“…The samples and reference standards were prepared and analyzed as previously reported. 14,15 The presence of functional groups was monitored by infrared spectroscopy using a Bruker Alpha…”

“…The samples and reference standards were prepared and analyzed as previously reported. 14,15 The presence of functional groups was monitored by infrared spectroscopy using a Bruker Alpha Attenuated Total Reflectance -Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometer. 1 mg of powder sample was placed on a diamond crystal, and the anvil lowered to enforce contact of the sample with the crystal.…”

“…Although alternative materials such as industrial 5 and agricultural waste, 6 coal fly ash, 7 rice husk, 8,9 and kaolin clay 10 among others, have been used as possible precursors for the synthesis of zeolites, sustainable preparation routes would best focus on natural resources that are rich in aluminates and silicates such as clay and volcanic ash materials, both of which are abundant in the earth's crust. However, while the synthesis of zeolites from clay minerals has been extensively studied, [10][11][12][13][14][15] reports on the use of volcanic ash as a raw material are limited. This may be due to the fact that volcanic ash materials are heterogeneous in…”

Experimental and theoretical assessment of phenomena linked with separation and purification of biodiesel from Ricinus communis seed oil

“…Essentially, differences in density are mostly linked to the immiscibility of the biodiesel and glycerol phases and thus, separation of the two-phase components requires greater time, resources, energy, and capital investment for a continuous biodiesel production and processing plant [ 30 , 31 ]. In this regard, the separation and purification of biodiesel from glycerol become the limiting step in the manufacture of biodiesel which requires the development of viable options and far-reaching research [ 29 , 32 , 33 ]. These choices enhance the design options and optimization objectives for emerging novel biodiesel production processes [ [34] , [35] , [36] ].…”

Sodium Methoxide/Zeolite-Supported Catalyst for Transesterification of Soybean Waste Cooking Oil for Biodiesel Production

“…Zeolites are well known for their abilities of ion exchange and reversible dehydration [16,25]. Hence, the pretreatment process for the removal of FFA from WCO may be avoided while using a zeolite-based catalyst for the transesterification reaction [16,26,27]. Zeolite Y has already been used for the transesterification of WCO; however, only a maximum biodiesel yield of about 25% could be achieved [16,28].…”