Optimization of Aqueous Extraction of Polyphenols from Cuminum cyminum Seeds Using Response Surface Methodology and Assessment of Biological Activity

Abstract

(1) Background: Cumin seeds, extracted from the plant Cuminum cyminum, are abundant in phenolic compounds and have been extensively researched for their chemical makeup and biological effects. The objective of this research is to enhance the water extraction of polyphenols through the water bath (WB) technique and to evaluate the antiradical, antibacterial, and anticancer effects of the extract. (2) Methods: Response Surface Methodology was used to find the best parameters to extract polyphenols. Three experimental parameters, time, temperature, and solid-liquid ratio, were tested. The disc diffusion method has been used to determine the antimicrobial activities against Salmonella Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The antiradical activity was performed using the DPPH method, while total phenolic content was performed using Folin–Ciocalteu. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was conducted to analyze the phytochemical profile of WB extracts. The anticancer activity of the lyophilized extract was assessed against three cancer cell lines (colon (HT29), lung (A549), and breast (MCF7) cancer cell lines).; (3) Results: The optimal conditions for water extraction were 130 min at 72 °C. The total phenolic compounds yield (14.7 mg GAE/g DM) and antioxidant activity (0.52 mg trolox eq./mL) were obtained using a 1:40 solid–liquid ratio. The primary polyphenols identified were the flavonoids rutin (0.1 ppm) and ellagic acid (3.78 ppm). The extract had no antibacterial or antifungal activities against the microorganisms tested. The extract showed anticancer activity of about 98% against MCF7 (breast cancer cell line), about 81% against HT29 (colon cancer cell line), and 85% against A549 (lung cancer cell line) at high doses. (4) Conclusions: Extraction time and a high solid–liquid ratio had a positive impact on polyphenol recovery and in maintaining their quantity and quality. Furthermore, the optimal aqueous extract exhibited strong antiradical activity reflected by the inhibition of free radicals in addition to a significant specificity against the tested cancer cell lines.

The Effects of Drying and Grinding on the Extraction Efficiency of Polyphenols from Grape Skin: Process Optimization

“…This trend was similarly observed for antioxidant activities determined by the DPPH and FRAP methods. Comparable findings were reported by Pinelo et al [44], who discovered that temperature and solid-to-liquid ratio were crucial factors in maximizing extraction effectiveness. Notably, pH values showed a positive correlation solely with total polyphenols (r = 0.103), while TDS exhibited positive correlations with all variables, except pH.…”

“…For experimental set 2, the highest values for TDS and S were also shown by sample 17 (t = 27.5 min, T = 80 °C, S/L = 30 g/L, and rpm = 500 L/min), and the lowest values by sample 20 (t = 40 min, T = 60 °C, S/L = 10 g/L, and rpm = 500 L/min), again indicating that at higher temperatures and larger amounts of sample, there is an increase in total dissolved matter and electrical conductivity. According to the work of Pinel et al [44], increasing the temperature promotes extraction by improving the solubility of the substance. By comparing experiments 1 and 2, it can be concluded that experiment 2, in which a sample of dried and ground skin was used, shows higher TDS and electrical conductivity values because such a sample of grape pomace is exposed to a larger contact surface with the solvent than only ground grape pomace skin, which is evident from the obtained results.…”

“…Some studies have indicated that a temperature of 60 °C enhances phenol extraction from grapes [52]. Additionally, according to Pinelo et al [44], contact time is not as significant when water is used as a solvent.…”